高性能通信网络 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Preface1

1 Overview1

1.1 History of Communication Networks5

1.1.1 Telephone Networks6

1.1.2 Computer Networks10

1.1.3 Cable Television Networks17

1.1.4 Wireless Networks19

1.2 Networking Principles21

1.2.1 Digitization21

1.2.2 Economies of Scale24

1.2.3 Network Externalities25

1.2.4 Service Integration26

1.3 Future Networks27

1.3.1 The Internet27

1.3.2 Pure ATM Network29

1.3.3 Cable TV29

1.3.5 And the Winner Is...30

1.3.4 Wireless30

1.4 Summary32

1.5 Notes33

1.6 Problems33

2 Network Services and Layered Architectures39

2.1 Applications41

2.1.1 World Wide Web42

2.1.2 Audio or Video Streams42

2.1.5 Client/Server43

2.1.4 Networked Games43

2.1.3 Voice over Packets and Videoconferences43

2.2 Traffic Characterization and Quality of Service44

2.2.1 Constant Bit Rate45

2.2.2 Variable Bit Rate46

2.2.3 Messages46

2.2.4 Other Requirements47

2.3 Network Services47

2.3.1 Connection-Oriented Service48

2.3.2 Connectionless Service48

2.4.1 Traffic Increase49

2.4 High-Performance Networks49

2.4.2 High-Performance50

2.5 Network Elements51

2.5.1 Principal Network Elements51

2.5.2 Network Elements and Service Characteristics53

2.5.3 Examples54

2.6 Basic Network Mechanisms56

2.6.1 Multiplexing58

2.6.2 Switching63

2.6.3 Error Control68

2.6.4 Flow Cntrol77

2.6.5 Congestion Control78

2.6.6 Resource Allocation79

2.7 Layered Architecture80

2.7.1 Layers81

2.7.2 Implementation of Layers82

2.8 Open Data Network Model86

2.9 Network Architectures89

2.10 Network Bottlenecks91

2.13 Problems93

2.11 Summary93

2.12 Notes93

3 Packet-Switched Networks103

3.1 OSI and IP Models104

3.1.1 Layer 1:Physical Layer104

3.1.2 Layer 2:Data Link Layer105

3.1.3 Sublayer 2a:Media Access Control106

3.1.4 Sublayer 2b:Logical Link Control107

3.1.5 Layer 3:Network Layer109

3.1.6 Layer 4:Transport Layer110

3.1.7 Layer 5:Session Layer111

3.1.8 Layer 6:Presentation Layer112

3.1.9 Layer 7:Application Layer113

3.1.10 Summary113

3.2 Ethernet(IEEE 802.3)114

3.2.1 Physical Layer115

3.2.2 MAC118

3.2.3 LLC121

3.2.4 LAN Interconnection122

3.3 Token Ring(IEEE 802.5)127

3.3.1 Physical Layer128

3.3.2 MAC128

3.3.3 LLC130

3.4 FDDI131

3.5 DQDB135

3.6 Frame Relay138

3.7 SMDS142

3.7.1 Internetworking with SMDS145

3.8 Summary147

3.9 Notes149

3.10 Problems149

4 The Internet and TCP/IP Networks155

4.1 The Internet155

4.2 Overview of Internet Protocols158

4.3 Internet Protocol160

4.3.1 IPv4160

4.3.2 Multicast IP173

4.3.3 Reliable Multicast174

4.3.4 Mobile IP175

4.3.5 IPv6176

4.4 TCP and UDP178

4.4.1 Applications180

4.4.2 FTP181

4.4.3 SMTP,rlogin,TFTP,and HTTP182

4.5 Internet Success and Limitation183

4.6 Performance of TCP/IP Networks186

4.6.1 Window Adjustment in TCP186

4.6.2 Suggested Improvements for TCP188

4.6.3 Suggested Improvements for IP190

4.6.4 Queuing Algorithms190

4.6.5 Label Switching191

4.6.6 Suggested Improvements for Other Protocols193

4.7 Summary196

4.8 Notes197

4.9 Problems198

5 Circuit-Switched,Networks205

5.1 Performance of Circuit-Switched Networks208

5.2 SONET211

5.2.1 SONET Frame Structure215

5.3 Dense Wave-Division Multiplexing(DWDM)223

5.4 Fiber to the Home225

5.4.1 The Optical Loop Carrier System225

5.4.2 Passive Optical Networks(PONs)226

5.4.3 Passive Photonic Loop(PPL)230

5.4.4 Hybrid Scheme231

5.5.1 ISDN232

5.5 Digital Subscriber Line(DSL)232

5.5.2 ADSL235

5.6 Intelligent Networks239

5.6.1 Service Examples239

5.6.2 Intelligent Network Architecture241

5.6.3 Functional Components243

5.7 CATV244

5.7.1 Layout245

5.7.2 CATV Layered Network247

5.7.3 Services over CATV249

5.7.4 MPEG250

5.8 Summary252

5.9 Notes253

5.10 Problems254

5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode257

6.1 Main Features of ATM258

6.1.1 Connection-Oriented Service259

6.1.2 Fixed Cell Size262

6.1.3 Statistical Multiplexing266

6.1.4 Allocating Resources267

6.2.1 ATM Addressing269

6.2 Addressing,Signaling,and Routing269

6.2.2 Signaling270

6.2.3 PNNI Routing272

6.3 ATM Header Structure277

6.3.1 VCI and VPI278

6.3.2 Other Fields280

6.3.3 Reserved VCI/VPI281

6.4 ATM Adaptation Layer282

6.4.1 Type 1283

6.4.3 Type 3/4284

6.4.4 Type 5285

6.5 Management and Control285

6.5.1 Fault Management287

6.5.2 Traffic and Congestion Control290

6.5.3 Network Status Monitoring and Configuration291

6.6.4 User/Network Signaling292

6.6 BISDN293

6.7 Internetworking with ATM294

6.7.1 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over AAL5295

6.7.2 LAN Emulation over ATM295

6.7.3 IP over ATM297

6.7.4 Multiprotocol over ATM(MPOA)300

6.7.5 FR and SMDS over ATM301

6.8 Summary301

6.9 Notes302

6.10 Problems303

7 Wireless Networks305

7.1 Introduction306

7.1.1 History of Wireless Networks306

7.1.2 Wireless Data Vision309

7.1.3 Technical Challenges312

7.2 The Wireless Channel315

7.2.1 Path Loss316

7.2.2 Shadow Fading317

7.2.3 Multipath Flat-Fading and Intersymbol Interference318

7.2.4 Doppler Frequency Shift321

7.2.5 Interference321

7.2.6 Infrared versus Radio322

7.2.7 Capacity Limits of Wireless Channels323

7.3 Link Level Design324

7.3.1 Modulation Techniques324

7.3.2 Channel Coding and Link Layer Retransmission325

7.3.3 Flat-Fading Countermeasures326

7.3.4 Intersymbol Interference Countermeasures328

7.4 Channel Access331

7.4.1 Multiple Access332

7.4.2 Random Access334

7.5 Network Design337

7.5.1 Architecture337

7.4.3 Spectral Etiquette337

7.5.2 Mobility Management339

7.5.3 Network Reliability340

7.5.4 Internetworking341

7.5.5 Security341

7.5.6 A New Paradigm for Wireless Network Design342

7.6 Wireless Networks Today343

7.6.1 Ceilular Telephone Systems344

7.6.2 Cordless Phones348

7.6.3 Wireless LANs349

7.6.4 Wide Area Wireless Data Services351

7.6.5 Paging Systems352

7.6.6 Satellite Networks352

7.6.7 Other Wireless Systems and Applications353

7.7 Future Systems and Standards354

7.7.1 Wireless LANs354

7.7.2 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks355

7.7.3 IMT-2000356

7.7.4 High-Speed Digital Cellular357

7.7.5 Fixed Wireless Access357

7.7.6 HomeRF and Bluetooth358

7.8 Summary358

7.9 Notes359

7.10 Problems360

8 Control of Networks363

8.1 Objectives and Methods of Control364

8.1.1 Overview365

8.1.2 Control Methods365

8.1.3 Time Scales367

8.1.4 Examples368

8.1.5 Quality of Service369

8.2 Circuit-Switched Networks372

8.2.1 Blocking372

8.2.2 Routing Optimization374

8.3 Datagram Networks378

8.3.1 Queuing Model378

8.3.2 Key Queuing Result379

8.3.3 Routing Optimization381

6.4.2 Type 2383

8.4 ATM Networks392

8.4.1 Control Problems393

8.4.2 Dtrerministic Approaches395

8.4.3 Statistical Procedures405

8.4.4 Dtrerministic or Statistical?422

8.5 Summary424

8.6 Notes425

8.7 Problems426

9 Control of Networks:Mathematical Background431

9.1 Markov Chains431

9.1.1 Overview431

9.1.2 Discrete Time432

9.1.3 Continuous Time438

9.2.1 Single Switch443

9.2 Circuit-Switched Networks443

9.2.2 Network446

9.3 Datagram Networks450

9.3.1 M/M/I Queue450

9.3.2 Discrete-Time Queue453

9.3.3 Jackson Network456

9.3.4 Buffer Occupancy for an MMF Source459

9.3.5 Insensitivity of Blocking Probability462

9.4 ATM Networks465

9.4.1 Deterministic Approaches466

9.4.2 Large Deviations of iid Random Variables470

9.4.3 Straight-Line Large Deviations474

9.4.4 Large Deviation of a Queue475

9.4.5 Bahadur-Rao Theorem480

9.5 Summary482

9.7 Problems483

9.6 Notes483

10 Network Economics489

10.1 Derived Demand for Network Services491

10.1.1 Information Goods492

10.1.2 Site Rents493

10.2 Internet Service Providers494

10.2.1 A Subscriber Demand Model497

10.2.2 Empirical Evidence501

10.3 Network Charges:Theory and Practice504

10.3.1 A Resourec Model505

10.3.2 Economic Principles506

10.3.3 Charges in Practice509

10.3.4 Vulnerability of the Internet510

10.4 A Billing and Provisioning System for Internet Connections511

10.4.1 User Experience512

10.4.2 Demand for Variable Quality513

10.4.3 The INDEX Billing and Provisioning System515

10.4.4 Flexibility of INDEX Pricing and Provisioning517

10.5 Pricing a Single Resource518

10.5.1 Usasge-Based Prices520

10.5.2 Congestion Prices523

10.5.3 Cost Recovery and Optimum Link Capacity526

10.6 Pricing for ATM Services528

10.6.1 A Model of ATM Resources and Services529

10.6.2 Revenue Maximization533

10.7 Summary535

10.8 Notes536

10.9 Problems536

11 Optical Networks541

11.1 Optical Links542

11.1.1 Transmitter543

11.1.2 Receiver544

11.1.3 Fiber546

11.1.4 Subcarrier Multiplexing554

11.2 WDM Syetems556

11.3 Optical Cross-Connects557

11.4 Optical LANs561

11.4.1 Single-hop LAMs561

11.4.2 Multihop LANs563

11.5 Optical Paths and Networks565

11.5.1 Static Wavelength Assignment565

11.5.2 Dynamic Wavelength Assignment and Blocking568

11.5.3 Ring Networks569

11.5.4 Hierarchical Mesh Networks570

11.5.5 Optical Networks571

11.6 Summary572

11.7 Notes572

11.8 Problems573

12 Switching575

12.1 Switch Performance Measures576

12.2 Time-and Space-Division Switching580

12.3 Modular Switch Designs582

12.4 Packet Switching588

12.5 Distributed Buffer593

12.5.1 Impact of Hot spots596

12.5.2 Input Buffers598

12.5.3 Combating Hot Spots601

12.5.4 Multicasting605

12.6 Shared Buffer605

12.6.1 Multicasting607

12.6.2 Queuing Analysis607

12.7 Output Buffer608

12.7.1 Multicasting608

12.7.2 Knockout609

12.8 Input Buffer610

12.8.1 HOL Blocking611

12.8.2 Overcoming HOL Blocking613

12.8.3 Multicasting614

12.9 Summary615

12.10 Notes616

12.11 Problems617

13 Toward a Global Multimedia Network619

13.1 Attributes of the Global Network620

13.2 Technology Areas622

13.2.1 Architecture623

13.2.2 Networking624

13.2.3 Signal Processing625

13.2.4 Applications626

13.3 Challenges626

13.3.1 Architecture627

13.3.2 Quality of Service628

13.3.3 Mobility632

13.3.4 Heterogeneity636

13.3.5 Scalability and Configurability637

13.3.6 Extensibility and Complexity Management639

13.3.7 Security641

Bibliography643

Index655

8.3.4 Congestion Control3873