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Introduction：Axial Age,the Golden Age ofHuman Wisdom1

Unit One A Long and Hot Debate about the Birth of the World9

Unit Two Two Views Concerning Cultural Studies17

Section One：Cultural Relativism17

Section Two：Cultural Imperialism21

Unit Three Cultural Traditions and Roots29

Section One：Theology29

Section Two：Philosophy34

Section Three：Science47

Unit Four Time and History in the Context of Culture57

Section One：Ancient History of the World57

Section Two：The Middle Ages65

Section Three：Modern History75

Section Four：Contemporary Time86

Unit Five Compositions and Elements of Culture99

Section One：Faith,a Spiritual Pillar of a Person99

Section Two：Language,An Important Element of Culture104

Section Three：Mythology,an Area of Human Imagination117

Section Four：Institution124

Section Five：Norms,Code of Conduct for Human Society132

Unit Six Powerful and Pervasive Ideas139

Section One：Colonialism,a Propelling Force of the West139

Section Two：Capitalism,a Magic Power of the West147

Section Three：Communism,the Highest Ideal of Mankind158

Section Four：Constitutionalism,the Idea of Rule ofLaw166

Section Five：Nationalism,a Theoretic Foundation of Nation-State172

Unit Seven Great Ideas Spread Through Great Books183

Section One：Analects,a Collection of Wisdom ofChina183

Section Two：The Bible,the Holy Scripture in the World189

SectionThree：Quran,theHoly Scripture of Islam197

SectionFour：Buddhist Texts207

Unit Eight An Eventful Human History219

Section One：The Roman Empire219

Section Two：Heliocentricism233

Section Three：The Crusades242

Section Four：Mongol Conquests253

Section Five：Columbus and His Significant Voyages257

Section Six：The Ottoman Empire265

Section Seven：The Founding of the United States of America275

Section Eight：The Opium Wars287

Section Nine：The United Nations,an Instrument for Peace295

Unit Nine Milestone Figures For Human History307

Section One：Abraham,Father of Three Major Religions307

Section Two：Jesus Christ,God for Christians313

Section Three：Muhammad,Prophet of Muslims322

Section Four：Shakyamuni,the Buddha of Buddhist Adherents331

Section Five：Confucius,a Holy Figure of Traditional China340

Section Six：Socrates,Founding Father of Western Philosophy350

Section Seven：Sir Isaac Newton,a Towering Scientist360

Section Eight：Karl Marx,a Profound Thinker Who Changed the World370

Section Nine：Albert Einstein,a Modern Isaac Newton378

Unit Ten A Study of Civilizational History of the World387

Section One：The Ancient Egyptian Civilization390

Section Two：The Andes Civilization391

Section Three：Ancient Chinese Civilization391

Section Four：Minoan Civilization392

Section Five：Sumer Civilization393

Section Six：Maya Civilization394

Section Seven：History of Ancient India396

Section Eight：Hittites,Ancient Anatolian People397

Section Nine：Ancient Greek Civilization398

Section Ten：The Western or Occidental Civilization399

Section Eleven：The Eastern Orthodox Church Civilization400

Section Twelve：FarEastern Civilization Ring401

Section Thirteen：Orthodox Christian Civilization402

Section Fourteen：The Ancient Persian Civilization403

Section Fifteen：Islamic Civilization At its Golden Age404

Section Sixteen：Hindu Civilization405

Section Seventeen：The Mexica406

Section Eighteen：Yucatec Maya Civilization407

Section Nineteen：Ancient Babylonian Civilization407

Unit Eleven A Possible Form of a Future Global Culture409

Section Ohe：Cultural Implications of Cultural Diversity409

Section Two：Cultural,Social and Political Implications of UNESCO Universal Declaralion on Cultural Diversity416