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CHAPTER Ⅰ: Purpose of the inquiry1

PART ONE HISTORY OF ASYLUM AND BASIS FOR ITS GRANT3

CHAPTER Ⅱ. History of asylum5

ASYLUM IN SACRED PLACES5

FROM RELIGIOUS SANCTITY TO SOVEREIGNTY15

LATER DEVELOPMENTS: POLITICAL ASYLUM19

LATER DEVELOPMENTS: DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM20

CHAPTER Ⅲ. Basis for the grant of asylum50

A. LEGAL BASIS50

1. International law50

a. Territorial asylum50

b. Non-territorial asylum51

2. National law51

B. EXTRA-LEGAL BASIS51

PART TWO ASYLUM FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE INDIVIDUAL59

CHAPTER Ⅳ. The Individual's position in international law with respect to asylum61

a. The individual's international duties66

b. The individual's international rights66

c. The individual's right to petition before international organs67

d. The individual's procedural ability and amenability before international organs68

a. Views expressed recently by various governments on the nature of the right of asylum70

b. Provision of asylum in national constitutions and legislation72

c. Provision for non-extradition of political offenders in extradition treaties72

a. Surrender not in pursuance of extradition treaty74

b. Surrender in consequence of seizure on foreign territory by the officials of the state of origin75

c. Surrender in consequence of mistake76

CHAPTER Ⅴ. Asylum as a human right89

CHAPTER Ⅵ. The international political refugee95

WHO IS AN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL REFUGEE?95

1. Refugees specified98

2. Refugee defined99

REFUGEEHOOD AND STATELESSNESS104

SOURCES OF LAW PERTAINING TO REFUGEES105

a. Internal sources105

b. International sources105

TREATMENT OF REFUGEES107

Admission108

Non-expulsion (non-refoulement)110

Exemption from reciprocity111

Exemption from exceptional measures112

Applicable law for determining refugee's personal status112

Naturalization113

Administrative assistance113

Travel114

a. Documents114

b. Travel for activities other than economic115

c. Travel for economic activities115

Other rights and protection115

DETERMINATION OF THE REFUGEE STATUS116

TERMINATION OF THE REFUGEE STATUS118

a. Repatriation118

b. Migration119

c. Assimilation119

DEPENDENTS OF THE REFUGEE123

REFUGEE AND EXTRADITION124

ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS OF REFUGEES126

INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY FOR PROTECTION OF REFUGEES126

PART THREE ASYLUM FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF STATES153

SUB-PART A. TERRITORIAL ASYLUM153

CHAPTER Ⅶ. Rights and duties of states granting territorial asylum155

RIGHT OF STATES TO GRANT TERRITORIAL ASYLUM155

DUTIES OF STATES GRANTING TERRITORIAL ASYLUM156

1. Duty to control the activities of the person to whom asylum is given156

2. Duty with respect to extradition157

3. Duty with respect to non-refoulement159

CHAPTER Ⅷ. The political offense170

GROWTH OF THE NOTION OF POLITICAL OFFENSE170

MEANING OF POLITICAL OFFENSE173

1. Act as part of an organized political activity174

2. Act committed with predominantly political characteristics175

3. Act justifying non-extradition in order to avoid political persecution175

THE PROBLEM OF MIXED OFFENSES177

1. The principle of predominant element178

2. The principle of the attentat clause178

3. The principle of the unqualified attentat clause179

4. Murder179

5. Anarchist offenses180

6. Acts of communists181

7. Brutality181

8. Quislings, traitors, or collaborationists with the enemy181

9. War criminals183

10. Revolutionary activities183

11. Offenses incident to flight from country183

12. Murder and robbery184

13. Robbery184

14. Assault184

15. Bombings184

16. Bribery185

17. Forgery185

18. Genocide185

19. Religious offenses186

20. Terrorism186

21. The Harvard Research approach187

SUB-PART B. NON-TERRITORIAL ASYLUM203

CHAPTER Ⅸ. The forms of non-territorial asylum205

CHAPTER Ⅹ. Diplomatic asylum207

A. THE PRINCIPLE OF EXTERRITORIALITY OF THE DIPLOMATIC PREMISES AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM207

B. DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM209

C. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOM AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM209

1. Practice of states in Europe211

2. Practice of the United Kingdom212

3. Practice of the United States of America214

4. Practice of states in Asia and Africa218

5. Practice of states in South and Central America218

Argentina222

Bolivia223

Brazil224

Chile224

Colombia226

Costa Rica227

Cuba227

Dominican Republic228

Ecuador229

El Salvador229

Guatemala230

Haiti231

Honduras233

Mexico233

Nicaragua233

Panama234

Paraguay234

Peru234

Uruguay236

Venezuela236

D. USAGE AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM238

E. TREATY AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM239

1. Treaty on international penal law239

2. Convention on asylum240

3. Convention on political asylum240

4. Treaty on political asylum and refuge240

5. Convention on diplomatic asylum241

F. REGIONAL CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM244

CHAPTER Ⅺ. Consular asylum263

CHAPTER Ⅻ. Maritime asylum267

A. ASYLUM IN PUBLIC VESSELS267

B. ASYLUM IN PRIVATE VESSELS268

PART FOUR CONCLUSION273

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. Summary and conclusions275

BIBLIOGRAPHY283

INDEX348