测量系统应用与设计 第5版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PART 1 General Concepts1

Chapter 1 Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation3

1.1 Why Study Measurement Systems?3

1.2 Classification of Types of Measurement Applications5

1.3 Computer-Aided Machines and Processes7

1.4 Conclusion9

Problems10

Bibliography11

Chapter 2 Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments13

2.1 Functional Elements of an Instrument13

2.2 Active and Passive Transducers18

2.3 Analog and Digital Modes of Operation19

2.4 Null and Deflection Methods21

2.5 Input-Output Configuration of Instruments and Measurement Systems22

Methods of Correction for Interfering and Modifying Inputs26

2.6 Conclusion38

Problems39

Chapter 3 Generalized Performance Characteristics of Instruments40

3.1 Introduction40

3.2 Static Characteristics and Static Calibration41

Meaning of Static Calibration41

Measured Value versus True Value43

Some Basic Statistics45

Least-Squares Calibration Curves54

Calibration Accuracy versus Installed Accuracy61

Combination of Component Errors in Overall System-Accuracy Calculations67

Theory Validation by Experimental Testing72

Effect of Measurement Error on Quality-Control Decisions in Manufacturing74

Static Sensitivity76

Computer-Aided Calibration and Measurement: Multiple Regression78

Linearity85

Threshold, Noise Floor, Resolution, Hysteresis, and Dead Space86

Scale Readability91

Span91

Generalized Static Stiffness and Input Impedance: Loading Effects91

Concluding Remarks on Static Characteristics103

3.3 Dynamic Characteristics103

Generalized Mathematical Model of Measurement System103

Digital Simulation Methods for Dynamic Response Analysis106

Operational Transfer Function106

Sinusoidal Transfer Function107

Zero-Order Instrument109

First-Order Instrument111

Step Response of First-Order Instruments114

Ramp Response of First-Order Instruments121

Frequency Response of First-Order Instruments123

Impulse Response of First-Order Instruments128

Second-Order Instrument131

Step Response of Second-Order Instruments133

Terminated-Ramp Response of Second-Order Instruments135

Ramp Response of Second-Order Instruments137

Frequency Response of Second-Order Instruments137

Impulse Response of Second-Order Instruments139

Dead-Time Elements141

Logarithmic Plotting of Frequency-Response Curves143

Response of a General Form of Instrument to a Periodic Input149

Response of a General Form of Instrument to a Transient Input157

Frequency Spectra of Amplitude-Modulated Signals167

Characteristics of Random Signals178

Requirements on Instrument Transfer Function to Ensure Accurate Measurement194

Sensor Selection Using Computer Simulation200

Numerical Correction of Dynamic Data202

Experimental Determination of Measurement-System Parameters206

Loading Effects under Dynamic Conditions211

Problems214

Bibliography221

PART 2 Measuring Devices223

Chapter 4 Motion and Dimensional Measurement225

4.1 Introduction225

4.2 Fundamental Standards225

4.3 Relative Displacement: Translational and Rotational228

Calibration228

Resistive Potentiometers231

Resistance Strain Gage240

Differential Transformers252

Synchros and Resolvers262

Variable-Inductance and Variable-Reluctance Pickups267

Eddy-Current Noncontacting Transducers271

Capacitance Pickups273

Piezoelectric Transducers284

Electro-Optical Devices292

Photographic and Electronic-Imaging Techniques312

Photoelastic, Brittle-Coating, and Moir Fringe Stress-Analysis Techniques319

Displacement-to-Pressure (Nozzle-Flapper) Transducer321

Digital Displacement Transducers (Translational and Rotary Encoders)327

Ultrasonic Transducers335

4.4 Relative Velocity: Translational and Rotational337

Calibration337

Velocity by Electrical Differentiation of Displacement Voltage Signals339

Average Velocity from Measured ??x and ??t339

Mechanical Flyball Angular-Velocity Sensor342

Mechanical Revolution Counters and Timers342

Tachometer Encoder Methods343

Laser-Based Methods344

Radar (Microwave) Speed Sensors345

Stroboscopic Methods346

Translational-Velocity Transducers (Moving-Coil and Moving-Magnet Pickups)347

DC Tachometer Generators for Rotary-Velocity Measurement348

AC Tachometer Generators for Rotary-Velocity Measurement349

Eddy-Current Drag-Cup Tachometer349

4.5 Relative-Acceleration Measurements351

4.6 Seismic- (Absolute-) Displacement Pickups351

4.7 Seismic- (Absolute-) Velocity Pickups356

4.8 Seismic- (Absolute-) Acceleration Pickups (Accelerometers)357

Deflection-Type Accelerometers358

Null-Balance- (Servo-) Type Accelerometers369

Accelerometers for Inertial Navigation372

Mechanical Loading of Accelerometers on the Test Object373

Laser Doppler Vibrometers373

4.9 Calibration of Vibration Pickups375

4.10 Jerk Pickups378

4.11 Pendulous (Gravity-Referenced) Angular-Displacement Sensors379

4.12 Gyroscopic (Absolute) Angular-Displacement and Velocity Sensors383

4.13 Coordinate-Measuring Machines398

4.14 Surface-Finish Measurement406

4.15 Machine Vision413

4.16 The Global-Positioning System (GPS)421

Problems423

Bibliography431

Chapter 5 Force, Torque, and Shaft Power Measurement432

5.1 Standards and Calibration432

5.2 Basic Methods of Force Measurement434

5.3 Characteristics of Elastic Force Transducers441

Bonded-Strain-Gage Transducers446

Differential-Transformer Transducers452

Piezoelectric Transducers452

Variable-Reluctance/FM-Oscillator Digital Systems455

Loading Effects456

5.4 Resolution of Vector Forces and Moments into Rectangular Components457

5.5 Torque Measurement on Rotating Shafts464

5.6 Shaft Power Measurement (Dynamometers)470

5.7 Gyroscopic Force and Torque Measurement474

5.8 Vibrating-Wire Force Transducers474

Problems476

Bibliography480

Chapter 6 Pressure and Sound Measurement481

6.1 Standards and Calibration481

6.2 Basic Methods of Pressure Measurement482

6.3 Deadweight Gages and Manometers482

Manometer Dynamics490

6.4 Elastic Transducers500

6.5 Vibrating-Cylinder and Other Resonant Transducers515

6.6 Dynamic Effects of Volumes and Connecting Tubing517

Liquid Systems Heavily Damped, and Slow-Acting518

Liquid Systems Moderately Damped, and Fast-Acting520

Gas Systems with Tube Volume a Small Fraction of Chamber Volume524

Gas Systems with Tube Volume Comparable to Chamber Volume526

The Infinite Line-Pressure Probe527

Conclusion528

6.7 Dynamic Testing of Pressure-Measuring Systems528

6.8 High-Pressure Measurement535

6.9 Low-Pressure (Vacuum) Measurement536

Diaphragm Gages536

McLeod Gage538

Knudsen Gage540

Momentum-Transfer (Viscosity) Gages541

Thermal-Conductivity Gages541

Ionization Gages545

Dual-Gage Technique547

6.10 Sound Measurement547

Sound-Level Meter548

Microphones551

Pressure Response of a Capacitor Microphone554

Acoustic Intensity565

Acoustic Emission568

6.11 Pressure-Signal Multiplexing Systems569

6.12 Special Topics571

Pressure Distribution571

Overpressure Protection for Gages and Transducers573

Problems574

Bibliography576

Chapter 7 Flow Measurement578

7.1 Local Flow Velocity, Magnitude and Direction578

Flow Visualization578

Velocity Magnitude from Pitot-Static Tube582

Velocity Direction from Yaw Tube, Pivoted Vane, and Servoed Sphere590

Dynamic Wind-Vector Indicator594

Hot- Wire and Hot-Film Anemometers596

Hot-Film Shock-Tube Velocity Sensors611

Laser Doppler Anemometer611

7.2 Gross Volume Flow Rate615

Calibration and Standards616

Constant-Area, Variable-Pressure-Drop Meters ( "Obstruction " Meters)620

Averaging Pitot Tubes632

Constant-Pressure-Drop, Variable-Area Meters (Rotameters)633

Turbine Meters635

Positive-Displacement Meters640

Metering Pumps642

Electromagnetic Flowmeters643

Drag-Force Flowmeters648

Ultrasonic Flowmeters649

Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters655

Miscellaneous Topics657

7.2 Gross Mass Flow Rate660

Volume Flowmeter Plus Density Measurement660

Direct Mass Flowmeters664

Problems672

Bibliography675

Chapter 8 Temperature and Heat-Flux Measurement677

8.1 Standards and Calibration677

8.2 Thermal-Expansion Methods685

Bimetallic Thermometers685

Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers687

Pressure Thermometers688

8.3 Thermoelectric Sensors (Thermocouples)691

Common Thermocouples699

Reference-Junction Considerations701

Special Materials, Configurations, and Techniques704

8.4 Electrical-Resistance Sensors713

Conductive Sensors(Resistance Thermometers)713

Bulk Semiconductor Sensors (Thermistors)719

8.5 Junction Semiconductor Sensors723

8.6 Digital Thermometers727

8.7 Radiation Methods727

Radiation Fundamentals728

Radiation Detectors: Thermal and Photon734

Unchopped (DC) Broadband Radiation Thermometers746

Chopped (AC) Broadband Radiation Thermometers750

Chopped (AC) Selective-Band (Photon) Radiation Thermometers752

Automatic Null-Balance Radiation Thermometers756

Monochromatic-Brightness Radiation Thermometers (Optical Pyrometers)758

Two-Color Radiation Thermometers760

Blackbody-Tipped Fiber-Optic Radiation Thermometer760

Fluoroptic Temperature Measurement763

Infrared Imaging Systems764

8.8 Temperature-Measuring Problems in Flowing Fluids767

Conduction Error767

Radiation Error770

Velocity Effects774

8.9 Dynamic Response of Temperature Sensors777

Dynamic Compensation of Temperature Sensors781

8.10 Heat-Flux Sensors782

Slug-Type (Calorimeter) Sensors782

Steady-State or Asymptotic Sensors (Gardon Gage)786

Application Considerations788

Problems789

Bibliography791

Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Measurements792

9.1 Time, Frequency, and Phase-Angle Measurement792

9.2 Liquid Level799

9.3 Humidity806

9.4 Chemical Composition809

9.5 Current and Power Measurement810

9.6 Using "Observers" to Measure Inaccessible Variables in a Physical System814

9.7 Sensor Fusion (Complementary Filtering)826

Absolute Angle Measurement829

Problems833

Bibliography834

PART 3 Manipulation, Transmission, and Recording of Data835

Chapter 10 Manipulating, Computing, and Compensating Devices837

10.1 Bridge Circuits837

10.2 Amplifiers843

Operational Amplifiers844

Instrumentation Amplifiers851

Transconductance and Transimpedance Amplifiers853

Noise Problems, Shielding,and Grounding855

Chopper, Chopper-Stabilized, and Carrier Amplifiers858

Charge Amplifiers and Impedance Converters860

Concluding Remarks863

10.3 Filters864

Low-Pass Filters864

High-Pass Filters870

Bandpass Filters870

Band-Rejection Filters870

Digital Filters872

A Hydraulic Bandpass Filter for an Oceanographic Transducer875

Mechanical Filters for Accelerometers876

Filtering by Statistical Averaging879

10.4 Integration and Differentiation879

Integration879

Differentiation881

10.5 Dynamic Compensation889

10.6 Positioning Systems894

10.7 Addition and Subtraction904

10.8 Multiplication and Division904

10.9 Function Generation and Linearization907

10.10 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation912

10.11 Voltage-to-Frequency and Frequency-to-Voltage Converters913

10.12 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters; Sample/Hold Amplifiers913

10.13 Signal and System Analyzers (Spectrum Analyzers)923

Problems927

Bibliography930

Chapter 11 Data Transmission and Instrument Connectivity931

11.1 Cable Transmission of Analog Voltage and Current Signals931

11.2 Cable Transmission of Digital Data935

11.3 Fiber-Optic Data Transmission936

11.4 Radio Telemetry937

11.5 Pneumatic Transmission943

11.6 Synchro Position Repeater Systems944

11.7 Slip Rings and Rotary Transformers946

11.8 Instrument Connectivity948

11.9 Data Storage with Delayed Playback (An Alternative to Data Transmission)952

Problems952

Bibliography953

Chapter 12 Voltage-Indicating and -Recording Devices954

12.1 Standards and Calibration954

12.2 Analog Voltmeters and Potentiometers954

12.3 Digital Voltmeters and Multimeters961

12.4 Electromechanical Servotype X T and XY Recorders963

12.5 Thermal-Array Recorders and Data Acquisition Systems968

12.6 Analog and Digital Cathode-Ray Oscilloscopes/Displays and Liquid-Crystal Flat-Panel Displays968

12.7 Virtual Instruments974

12.8 Magnetic Tape and Disk Recorders/Reproducers974

Bibliography980

Chapter 13 Data-Acquisition Systems for Personal Computers981

13.1 Essential Features of Data-Acquisition Boards982

13.2 The DASYLAB Data-Acquisition and -Processing Software983

The DASYLAB Functional Modules984

List and Brief Description of the Functional Modules985

13.3 DASYLAB Simulation Example Number One988

Simulating Sensor Signals and Recording Them versus Time988

Stopping an Experiment at a Selected Time991

Chart Recorder Options991

Producing Tables or Lists991

Analog and Digital Meters992

Some Simple Data-Processing Operations992

Integration and Differentiation993

13.4 DASYLAB Simulation Example Number Two993

Running the Demonstration997

13.5 DASYLAB Simulation Example Number Three1000

Running the Demonstration1003

13.6 A Simple Real-World Experiment Using DASYLAB1005