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Preface:Rationale for the Book;Its Layout1

PartⅠ Review of Some Basic Usage Concepts1

Chapter 1 Choosing the Right Word5

1.1 General Remarks5

1.2 Short Words or Long Words5

1.3 Common Words,Learned Words or Specialized Words7

1.4 General Words or Specific Words8

1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words10

1.6 Referential or Emotive Words12

1.7 Choice Between(Among)Synonymous Words13

1.8 Keeping Up with the Changing English Vocabulary15

Questions and Exercises16

Chapter 2 Choosing from Sentence Types19

2.1 General Remarks19

2.2 Long and Short Sentences19

2.3 Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences22

2.4 Types of Balanced Sentences26

2.4.1 Parallelism26

2.4.2 Antithesis28

2.4.3 Chiasmus and Antimetabole28

2.5 Omission or Addition in Sentences29

2.5.1 Ellipsis29

2.5.3 Asyndeton(Omission of Conjunctions)30

2.5.2 Fragmentary Elliptical Sentences30

2.5.4 Aposiopesis(Breaking off in Mid-sentence)31

2.5.5 Polysyndeton(Use of Many Conjunctions)32

2.5.6 Addition to Clarity by Making More Explicit34

2.5.7 Addition by Amplification34

2.5.8 Parenthesis34

2.6 Types of Repetition in Sentences,in Whole or in Part35

2.6.1 Repetition of Whole Sentences35

2.6.2 Syntactic Anaphora:Repetition of Beginning Words36

2.6.3 Syntactic Epiphora:Repetition of Ending Words36

2.6.4 Syntactic Framing:Repetition of Beginning and Ending Words36

2.7.2 Anti-climax37

2.7 Climax and Anti-climax37

2.7.1 Climax37

Questions and Exercises38

Chapter 3 The Rhetorical Use of Punctuation39

3.1 General Remarks39

3.2 Stops or Pause Marks40

3.2.1 The Period and the Semi-colon40

3.2.2 The Colon42

3.2.3 The Comma42

3.3 Parenthetical Marks44

3.4 Specific Marks for Expression in Writing46

Questions and Exercises48

4.1 General Remarks50

Chapter 4 Writing About Image and Imagery50

4.2 Personification52

4.3 Simile56

4.4 Metaphor60

4.5 Metonymy and Synecdoche63

Questions and Exercises68

Chapter 5 Quotations and Allusions70

5.1 General Remarks on Quotations70

5.2 Examples of Quoting,and of Crediting of Sources71

5.2.1 Quoting from a Book71

5.2.2 Quoting from a Play73

5.2.3 Quoting from a Poem75

5.3 Allusions and How to Explain Them76

Questions and Exercises78

Part Ⅱ Major Strategies in Academic Writing84

Chapter 6 Defining85

6.1 General Remarks85

6.2 Techniques of Definition86

6.3 Types of Extended Definitions87

6.3.1 Giving More Explanatory/Descriptive Details87

6.3.2 Exemplification88

6.3.3 Comparison and Contrast91

6.3.4 Supplying Sub-topics92

6.3.5 Honing or Refining a Definition95

6.4 Summary97

Questions and Exercises98

Chaper 7 Serializing100

7.1 General Remarks100

7.2 Techniques of Serializing102

7.2.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance102

7.2.2 In Order of Physical Location103

7.3 Examples of Serializing104

7.3.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance104

7.3.1.1 Directive Process Analysis104

7.3.1.2 Informative Process Analysis107

7.3.2.1 Physical Features of a Person112

7.3.2 In Order of Physical Location112

7.3.2.2 Physical Location of a Place113

7.4 Summary114

Questions and Exercises114

Chapter 8 Comparison117

8.1 General Remarks117

8.2 Techniques of Comparison119

8.2.1 Pattern 1120

8.2.2 Pattern 2120

8.2.3 Pattern 3121

8.2.4 Pattern 4-Analogy and Metaphor122

8.3 Examples of Comparison123

Questions and Exercises130

8.4 Summary130

Chapter 9 Classification134

9.1 General Remarks134

9.2 Techniques of Classification135

9.2.1 Determining the Principal Basis of Classification135

9.2.2 Types of Classification136

9.2.2.1 Classification by Time Order136

9.2.2.2 Simple or Complex Classification136

9.2.2.3 Absolute or Approximate Classification137

9.3 Examples of Classification137

9.4 Summary144

Questions and Exercises145

Chapter 10 Analyzing and Critical Analyses149

10.1 General Remarks149

10.2 Techniques of Analyzing150

10.2.1 Drawing Inferences Through Analytical Reading150

10.2.2 Establishing One s Own Perspective153

10.2.3 Collecting Supporting Evidence for Perspective153

10.2.4 Literary Analysis and Literary Criticism156

10.3 Examples of Analytical Writing158

10.4 Examples of Literary Analysis162

10.5 Summary166

Questions and Exercises166

11.1 General Remarks on Summary168

Chapter 11 Summary and Précis Writing168

11.2 Techniques and Examples of Summarizing169

11.2.1 Summary of a Short Story171

11.2.2 Summary of an Article174

11.3 General Remarks on Précis Writing176

11.4 Summary of Chapter 11178

Questions and Exercises179

Chapter 12 Paraphrasing190

12.1 General Remarks190

12.2 Properties of a Paraphrase191

12.3 Guidelines to Paraphrasing192

12.3.1 Paraphrasing of Prose193

12.3.2 Paraphrasing of Poetry194

12.4 Summary196

Questions and Exercises197

PartⅢ Readings for Academic Writing199

Chapter 13 The Informative Essay203

13.1 General Remarks203

13.2 Models for Language and Linguistics203

13.2.1 Descriptive Grammars by Victoria Fromkin Robert Rodman203

13.2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies in China by Ping Chen205

13.3 Models for Literature208

13.3.1 What is Literature? by Edgar V.Roberts Henry E.Jacobs208

13.3.2 What is Poetry? by Laurence Perrine210

13.4.1 What Parties Are For by David J.Olson and Philip Meyer213

13.4 Models for American Studies,etc.213

13.4.2 Presidential Leadership:The Power to Persuade by Richard Pious217

Chapter 14 The Comparative Essay224

14.1 General Remarks224

14.2 Models for Language and Linguistics224

14.2.1 The Map and the Territory by S.I.Hayakawa224

14.2.2 Semantic Derogation of Women by Nora Wolfson227

14.3 Models for Literature231

14.3.1 Escape and Interpretation by Laurence Perrine231

14.3.2 A Comparison of Two Poems by Laurence Perrine237

14.4.1 Comparison of Cultures by Robert Lado241

14.4 Models for American Studies,etc241

14.4.2 The Black and White Truth about Baskeball by Jeff Greenfield248

Chapter 15 The Analytical/Critical Essay254

15.1 General Remarks254

15.2 Models for Language and Linguistics254

15.2.1 Sounder Thinking through Clearer Writing by F.Peter Woodford254

15.2.2 The Presence of the Word in TV Advertising by Jay Rosen259

15.3 Models for Literature263

15.3.1 The Setting of Joseph Conrad s The Secret Sharer by Edgar V.Roberts263

15.3.2 Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights by V.Woolf266

15.3.3 A Study of Shakespeare s Imagery in Sonnet XXX by Edgar V.Roberts272

15.4.1 Family Codes by Margaret Mead274

15.4 Models for American Studies,etc274

15.4.2 The Terrible Twenties by Daniel Smith-Rowsey278

Chapter 16 Argument282

16.1 General Remarks282

16.2 Models for Language and Linguistics283

16.2.1 Who is Responsible? by Charles A.O Neill283

16.2.2 What s Wrong with Black English by R.L.Jones286

16.3 Models for Literature289

16.3.1 Preface to Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad289

16.3.2 The Element of Suspense in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor292

16.4.1 The Cult of Ethnicity,Good and Bad by Arthur Schlesinger Jr296

16.4 Models for American Studies,etc296

16.4.2 Women in Combat by Sara Sabraw299

16.4.3 Eco-defense by Edward Abby302

Appendix A Full Text of Two Short Stories307

1.The Secret Sharer by Joseph Conrad307

2.A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor346

Appendix B Gu:?elines on Revision and Editing362

Appendix C Documentation Guidelines366

Appendix D How to Render Thanks in Acknowledgements369

Bibliography373

List of Authors and Titles of Stories,Major Articles and Excerpts377

List of Poems Dicussed381

Subject Index382