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1.Introduction1

Learning Objectives2

1.1 Historical Perspective2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering2

1.3 Why Study Materials Science andEngineering?4

1.4 Classification of Materials5

Materials of Importance—CarbonatedBeverage Containers9

1.5 Advanced Materials10

1.6 Modern Materials Needs12

1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations13

Summary15

References16

Question16

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding17

Learning Objectives18

2.1 Introduction18

ATOMIC STRUCTURE18

2.2 Fundamental Concepts18

2.3 Electrons in Atoms19

2.4 The Periodic Table25

ATOMICBONDING IN SOLIDS26

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies26

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds28

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding32

Materials of Importance—Water （Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing）34

2.8 Molecules35

Summary35

Equation Summary36

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary36

Important Terms and Concepts37

References37

Questions and Problems37

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems39

3.Structures of Metals and Ceramics40

Learning Objectives41

3.1 Introduction41

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES42

3.2 Fundamental Concepts42

3.3 Unit Cells42

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures43

3.5 Density Computations—Metals47

3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures48

3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics54

3.8 Silicate Ceramics55

3.9 Carbon59

Materials of Importance—Carbon Nanotubes60

3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy61

3.11 Crystal Systems61

Material of Importance—Tin （Its Allotropic Transformation）63

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS，DIRECTIONS，AND PLANES64

3.12 Point Coordinates64

3.13 Crystallographic Directions66

3.14 Crystallographic Planes72

3.15 Linear and Planar Densities76

3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures77

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS81

3.17 Single Crystals81

3.18 Polycrystalline Materials81

3.19 Anisotropy81

3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures83

3.21 Noncrystalline Solids87

Summary89

Equation Summary91

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary92

Important Terms and Concepts93

References94

Questions and Problems94

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems101

4.Polymer Structures102

Learning Objectives103

4.1 Introduction103

4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules103

4.3 Polymer Molecules105

4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules106

4.5 Molecular Weight111

4.6 Molecular Shape113

4.7 Molecular Structure115

4.8 Molecular Configurations116

4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers120

4.10 Copolymers121

4.11 Polymer Crystallinity122

4.12 Polymer Crystals125

Summary128

Equation Summary129

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary130

Important Terms and Concepts130

References131

Questions and Problems131

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems133

5.Imperfections in Solids134

Learning Objectives135

5.1 Introduction135

POINT DEFECTS136

5.2 Point Defects in Metals136

5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics137

5.4 Impurities in Solids140

5.5 Point Defects in Polymers143

5.6 Specification of Composition143

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS147

5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects147

5.8 Interfacial Defects150

5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects153

5.10 Atomic Vibrations153

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION153

5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy153

Materials of Importance—Catalysts （and Surface Defects）154

5.12 Microscopic Techniques155

5.13 Grain Size Determination159

Summary161

Equation Summary163

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary164

Important Terms and Concepts165

References165

Questions and Problems165

Design Problems169

Fundamentals o f Engineering Questions and Problems169

6.Diffusion170

Learning Objectives171

6.1 Introduction171

6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms172

6.3 Steady-State Diffusion173

6.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion175

6.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion179

6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials184

Material of Importance—Aluminum forIntegrated Circuit Interconnects187

6.7 Other Diffusion Paths188

6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials188

Summary191

Equation Summary192

Processing/Structure/Prope rties/Per formamce Summary193

Important Terms and Concepts194

References195

Questions and Problems195

Design Problems198

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems199

7.Mechanical Properties200

Learning Objectives201

7.1 Introduction201

7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain202

ELASTIC DEFORMATION205

7.3 Stress-Strain Behavior205

7.4 Anelasticity209

7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials209

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-METALS211

7.6 Tensile Properties212

7.7 True Stress and Strain219

7.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation222

7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation222

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-CERAMICS223

7.10 Flexural Strength223

7.11 Elastic Behavior224

7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics224

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-POLYMERS226

7.13 Stress-Strain Behavior226

7.14 Macroscopic Deformation228

7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation229

HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS233

7.16 Hardness233

7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials238

7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers239

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS239

7.19 Variability of Material Properties239

7.20 Design/Safety Factors242

Summary243

Equation Summary246

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary248

Important Terms and Concepts249

References250

Questions and Problems250

Design problems258

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and problems259

8.Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms260

Learning Objectives261

8.1 Introduction261

DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS261

8.2 Historical262

8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations262

8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations264

8.5 Slip Systems265

8.6 Slip in Single Crystals267

8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals270

8.8 Deformation by Twinning272

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHEMING IN METALS273

8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction273

8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening275

8.11 Strain Hardening276

RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH279

8.12 Recovery279

8.13 Recrystallization280

8.14 Grain Growth284

DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS285

8.15 Crystalline Ceramics285

8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics286

MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS287

8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers287

8.18 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers290

Materials of Importance—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films292

8.19 Deformation of Elastomers293

Summary295

Equation Summary298

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performnance Summary299

Important Terms and Concepts302

References302

Questions and Problems302

Design Problems307

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems307

9.Failure308

Learning Objectives309

9.1 Introduction309

FRACTURE310

9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture310

9.3 Ductile Fracture310

9.4 Brittle Fracture312

9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics314

9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics322

9.7 Fracture of Polymers326

9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing328

FATIGUE332

9.9 Cyclic Stresses333

9.10 The S-N Curve334

9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials337

9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation337

9.13 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life339

9.14 Environmental Effects341

CREEP342

9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior343

9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects344

9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods346

9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use347

9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials347

Summary348

Equation Summary351

Important Terms and Concepts352

References352

Questions and Problems352

Design Problems357

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems357

10.Phase Diagrams359

Learning Objectives360

10.1 Introduction360

DEFINTTIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS360

10.2 Solubility Limit361

10.3 Phases362

10.4 Microstructure362

10.5 Phase Equilibria362

10.6 One-Component （or Unary） Phase Diagrams363

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS365

10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems365

10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams367

10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys371

10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys374

10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems374

10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys380

Materials of Importance—Lead-Free Solders381

10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds387

10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions390

10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations391

10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams391

10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams395

10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule396

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM398

10.19 The Iron-Iron Carbide （Fe-Fe3C） Phase Diagram398

10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys401

10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements408

Summary409

Equation Summary411

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary412

Important Terms and Concepts412

References414

Questions and Problems414

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems420

11.Phase Transformations421

Learning Objectives422

11.1 Introduction422

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN METALS422

11.2 Basic Concepts423

11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations423

11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States433

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS434

11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams434

11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams445

11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys448

11.8 Tempered Martensite452

11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys455

Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory Alloys456

PRECIPITATION HARDENING459

11.10 Heat Treatments459

11.11 Mechanism of Hardening461

11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations464

CRYSTALLIZATION，MELTING，AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS464

11.13 Crystallization464

11.14 Melting465

11.15 The Glass Transition466

11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures466

11.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures467

Summary469

Equation Summary472

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary473

Important Terms and Concepts475

References475

Questions and Problems476

Design Problems480

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems481

12.Electrical Properties483

Learning Objectives484

12.1 Introduction484

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION484

12.2 Ohm's Law484

12.3 Electrical Conductivity485

12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction486

12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids486

12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models488

12.7 Electron Mobility490

12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals491

12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys494

Materials of Importance—Aluminum Electrical Wires494

SEMICONDUCTIVITY496

12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction496

12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction499

12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration502

12.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility503

12.14 The Hall Effect507

12.15 Semiconductor Devices509

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS515

12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials516

12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers516

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR517

12.18 Capacitance517

12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization519

12.20 Types of Polarization522

12.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant524

12.22 Dielectric Strength525

12.23 Dielectric Materials525

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS525

12.24 Ferroelectricity525

12.25 Piezoelectricity526

Summary527

Equation Summary530

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary531

Important Terms and Concepts535

References535

Questions and Problems535

Design Problems539

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems540

13.Types and Applications of Materials542

Learning Objectives543

13.1 Introduction543

TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS543

13.2 Ferrous Alloys543

13.3 Nonferrous Alloys556

Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins565

TYPES OF CERAMICS566

13.4 Glasses567

13.5 Glass-Ceramics567

13.6 Clay Products569

13.7 Refractories569

13.8 Abrasives571

13.9 Cements571

13.10 Advanced Ceramics573

Materials of Importance—Piezoelectric Ceramics575

13.11 Diamond and Graphite576

TYPES OF POLYMERS577

13.12 Plastics577

Materials of Importance—Phenolic Billiard Balls580

13.13 Elastomers580

13.14 Fibers582

13.15 Miscellaneous Applications583

13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials584

Summary588

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary590

Important Terms and Concepts592

References592

Questions and Problems592

Design Questions593

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems594

14.Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials595

Learning Objectives596

14.1 Introduction596

FABRICATION OF METALS596

14.2 Forming Operations597

14.3 Casting598

14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques600

THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS601

14.5 Annealing Processes601

14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels604

FABRICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS613

14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics615

14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products620

14.9 Powder Pressing624

14.10 Tape Casting626

SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION OF POLYMERS627

14.11 Polymerization627

14.12 Polymer Additives630

14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics631

14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers634

14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films634

Summary635

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary637

Important Terms and Concepts641

References642

Questions and Problems642

Design Problems644

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems645

15.Composites646

Learning Objectives647

15.1 Introduction647

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES649

15.2 Large-Particle Composites649

15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites653

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES653

15.4 Influence of Fiber Length654

15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration655

15.6 The Fiber Phase664

15.7 The Matrix Phase665

15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites665

15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites671

15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites672

15.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites674

15.12 Hybrid Composites674

15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites675

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES677

15.14 Laminar Composites677

15.15 Sandwich Panels678

Materials of Importance—Nanocomposite Barrier Coatings679

Summary681

Equation Summary683

Important Terms and Concepts684

References684

Questions and Problems684

Design Problems687

Fundamentals o f Engineering Questions and Problems688

16.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials689

Learning Objectives690

16.1 Introduction690

CORROSION OF METALS691

16.2 Electrochemical Considerations691

16.3 Corrosion Rates697

16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates699

16.5 Passivity705

16.6 Environmental Effects706

16.7 Forms of Corrosion707

16.8 Corrosion Environments714

16.9 Corrosion Prevention715

16.10 Oxidation717

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS720

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS720

16.11 Swelling and Dissolution720

16.12 Bond Rupture722

16.13 Weathering724

Summary724

Equation Summary726

Important Terms and Concepts728

References728

Questions and Problems728

Design Problems731

Fundamentals o f Engineering Questions and Problems732

17.Thermal Properties733

Learning Objectives734

17.1 Introduction734

17.2 Heat Capacity734

17.3 Thermal Expansion738

Materials of Importance—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys740

17.4 Thermal Conductivity741

17.5 Thermal Stresses744

Summary746

Equation Summary747

Important Terms and Concepts748

References748

Questions and Problems748

Design Problems750

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems750

18.Magnetic Properties751

Learning Objectives752

18.1 Introduction752

18.2 Basic Concepts752

18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism756

18.4 Ferromagnetism758

18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism759

18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior763

18.7 Domains and Hysteresis764

18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy767

18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials768

Materials of Importance—An Iron-Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores769

18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials770

18.11 Magnetic Storage773

18.12 Superconductivity776

Summary779

Equation Summary781

Important Terms and Concepts782

References782

Questions and Problems782

Design Problems785

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems785

19.Optical Properties786

Learning Objectives787

19.1 Introduction787

BASIC CONCEPTS787

19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation787

19.3 Light Interactions With Solids789

19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions790

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS791

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETLS792

19.5 Refraction792

19.6 Reflection794

19.7 Absorption794

19.8 Transmission798

19.9 Color798

19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators800

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA801

19.11 Luminescence801

19.12 Photoconductivity801

Materials of Importance—Light-Emitting Diodes802

19.13 Lasers804

19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications808

Summary810

Equation Summary812

Important Terms and Concepts813

References813

Questions and Problems814

Design Problem815

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems815

20.Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering816

Learning Objectives817

20.1 Introduction817

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS817

20.2 Component Design818

20.3 Materials818

20.4 Manufacturing Techniques818

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS819

20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering821

Materials of Importance—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics824

Summary826

References827

Design Questions827

Appendix A The International System of Units （SI）828

Appendix B Properties of SelectedEngineering Materials830

B.1 Density830

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity833

B.3 Poisson's Ratio837

B.4 Strength and Ductility838

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness843

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion845

B.7 Thermal Conductivity848

B.8 Specific Heat851

B.9 Electrical Resistivity854

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions857

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials859

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers864

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials868

Mechanical Engineering Online Support Module Library of Case Studies Glossary869

Answers to Selected Problems882

Index886