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PartⅠ:The Processes of Research and Writing1

Chapter 1:Writing Research Papers2

Choosing a Topic2

General Subject Area2

Definition of the Topic3

Statement of the Topic4

Preparing a Working Bibliography5

General and Specialized Indexes6

Bibliographies8

The Library Catalog8

Electronic Sources12

Collecting Information14

The Working Bibliography14

Critical Evaluation of Sources16

Note Taking18

Outlining the Paper21

The Thesis Statement21

Principles of Organization22

Types of Outlines23

0utline Formats23

Writing the Paper24

The First Draft24

Revision25

Editing26

Format27

Proofreading28

Elements of Research Papers29

Sample Pages29

Chapter 2:Elements of Theses and Dissertations38

The Preliminaries(Front Matter)38

Abstract38

Approval Sheet39

Title Page39

Copyright © 2025  最新更新

Clearance Forms41

Table of Contents41

Lists of Tables and Figures41

Acknowledgments42

Preface42

The Text(Body)42

Organization of Chapters42

Chapter Titles and Headings45

Reference Materials(Back Matter,or End Matter)46

Appendix46

Glossary46

Bibliography,List of Works Cited,or References47

Index47

Notes47

Elements of Theses and Dissertations48

Sample Pages48

Chapter 3:Quotations55

Indirect Quotation56

Direct Quotation57

Quotations Run into Text58

Quotations Set Off from Text59

Prose59

Poetry61

Epigraphs62

Drama62

Direct Quotations in Notes63

Ways of Introducing Direct Quotations63

Introductions to Run-in Quotations64

Introductions to Set-off Quotations65

Punctuation of Direct Quotations67

Capitalization67

Quotation Marks69

End Punctuation70

Omissions from Quoted Material71

Interpolation74

Style77

Chapter 4:Style and Mechanics77

Diction78

Tone78

Voice78

Economy79

Tense79

Sentence Structure80

Parallelism81

Logical Consistency83

Coherence83

Unbiased Language84

Spelling85

Mechanics85

Abbreviations86

Hyphenation86

Italics88

Titles of Works89

Capitalization91

Numbers92

Enumeration94

Editing and Proofreading96

Chapter 5:Tables,Figures,and Computer Materials97

Tables97

Relation of Tables and Text98

Captions98

Columns and Rows100

Numbering100

Footnotes for Tables101

Oversize Tables102

Figures102

Relation of Figures and Text103

Captions103

Numbering103

Hand-drawn and Computer-generated Graphs104

Mounted Illlustrations104

Oversize Figures105

Supplies for Creating Figures105

Computer Output106

Computer Materials106

Computer Programs106

Tables,Figures,and Computer Materials107

Sample Pages107

Chapter 6:The Finished Copy118

The Final Draft118

Equipment and Supplies118

The Typewriter or Computer Printer118

Type119

Software119

Special Symbols119

Materials for Correction120

Copies120

Ribbon120

Paper120

Typing and Printing Instructions121

Numbering of Pages121

Spacing122

Quotations124

Endnotes and Footnotes126

Headings Within Chapters127

Tables and Figures128

Part-Title Pages130

Bibliographies and Lists of Works Cited130

Chapter Numbers and Titles130

Front Matter for a Thesis or Dissertation131

Back Matter for a Thesis or Dissertation133

Part Ⅱ:Systems of Documentation135

General Information on Documentation136

Purposes of Notes and Parenthetical References136

Acknowledging Indebtedness137

Establishing the Validity of Eyidence137

Providing Cross-References Within the Paper137

Amplifying Ideas137

Providing Additional Bibliography138

The List of Sources138

Alphabetization of Entries139

Types of Bibliographies140

Chapter 7:Chicago Manual Style141

Endnotes and Footnotes142

Designation of Notes in the Text142

First Reference and Subsequent Reference143

Bibliographies150

Books151

Multivolume Works and Series157

Periodicals158

Works of Literature161

Reference Works163

Public Documents164

Unpublished Sources167

Dissertations168

Nonprint Sources169

Electronic Sources173

Examples of Footnote and Endnote Forms and Bibliography Forms175

Chapter 8:Modern Language Association Style210

Content of Parenthetical Citations210

Placement and Punctuation of Parenthetical Documentation214

The List of Works Cited215

Works Cited Forms218

Books218

Articles in Periodicals224

Electronic Sources227

Other Sources228

Sample Pages233

Chapter 9:American Psychological Association Style235

Parenthetical Reference Citations in Text236

Reference Forms241

Periodicals241

Books and Chapters of Books245

Technical and Research Reports249

Proceedings of Meetings250

Dissertations and Theses250

Unpublished Materials and Works of Limited Circulation251

Reviews and Published Interviews252

Audiovisual Media253

Electronic Media254

The List of References256

Sample Pages258

Appendix A:MLA-Style Shortened Forms of Publishers'Names and Imprints261

Appendix B:Legal Citation264

Appendix C:Author-Number System of References268

Appendix D:Abbreviations of State Names269

Glossary271

Index275

文库索引282