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Chapter Ⅰ.Introduction1

1-1.General Background1

1-2.Current Structure of Court Systems3

Chapter Ⅱ.Choosing the Proper Court6

A.Subject-Matter Jurisdiction6

1.In General6

2-1.Principles Governing6

2.Federal Jurisdiction10

2-2.Federal Question Jurisdiction10

2-3.Diversity of Citizenship Juris-diction12

2-4.Amount in Controversy15

2-5.Supplemental Jurisdiction19

2-6.Removal Jurisdiction25

B.Venue27

2-7.General Principles Governing27

2-8.Local Action Principle30

C.Personal Jurisdiction31

2-9.Introduction31

1.Statutory Sources of Jurisdictional Power34

a.State Courts34

2-10.Types of Statutes34

b.Federal Courts37

2-11.General Rules Governing37

2-12.Specialized Provisions38

2.Standard for Asserting Personal Juris-diction39

a.Traditional Bases39

2-13.Sovereignty:The Territo-riality Theory39

2-14.Intangibles and Contin-gent Obligations43

2-15.Consent45

b.Modern Standards47

2-16.The In Personam Wing:Minimum Contacts,"Fair Play and Substan-tial Justice"47

2-17.Application of Minimum Contacts Test:Some Examples53

2-18.Minimum Contacts as Ap-plied to In Rem and Quasi In Rem Cases59

2-19.Current Utility of the Three Jurisdictional Categories63

2-20.Current Viability of Con-sent,Domicile and Tran-sient Jurisdiction Theo-ries65

C.Personal Jurisdiction—Continued67

3.Other Jurisdictional Constraints67

2-21.Notice67

2-22.Other Constitutional Limits69

4.Service of Process—The Means of As-serting Jurisdiction72

2-23.Types of Service72

2-24.Impermissible Use of Service74

2-25.Immunity From Process74

D.Challenge to the Plaintiff's Selection76

1.Direct Attack76

2-26.Subject-Matter Jurisdiction76

2-27.Personal Jurisdiction76

2-28.Limited Appearances79

2-29.Venue and Service of Process80

2-30.Forum Non Conveniens and Transfer81

2.Collateral Attack84

2-31.Principles Governing84

Chapter Ⅲ.Pretrial:Framing the Liti-gation87

A.Pleading87

3-1.General Theory of Pleading87

3-2.History:Common Law Plead-ing88

1.Plaintiff90

3-3.The Complaint:Code Pleading90

3-4.The Complaint:Federal("No-tice")Pleading93

3-5.The Reply95

2.Defendant95

3-6.The Answer95

3.Assuring Truthfulness in Pleading98

A.Pleading—Continued98

3-7.Signature and Verification Re-quirements98

4.Challenges to the Pleadings101

3-8.Methods of Challenging the Pleadings101

B.Amended and Supplemental Pleadings104

3-9.General Standards and Prac-tice104

3-10.Statutes of Limitation:Rela-tion Back106

C.Joinder of Parties and Claims108

1.Party Joinder108

3-11.Parties Who Must Be Joined108

3-12.Real Parties in Interest and Capacitv to Sue110

3-13.Necessary and Indispensable Parties111

3-14.Parties Who May Be Joined114

3-15.Proper Parties114

3-16.Impleaded Parties(Third-Par-ty Defendants)116

3-17.Other Additional Parties117

3-18.Intervenors118

2.Claim Joinder120

3-19.Claim Joinder—In General120

3-20.Defendant Joinder:Counter-claims and Cross-Claims123

D.Discovery127

1.In General127

3-21.General Principles Governing127

3-22.Mandatory Disclosure130

D.Discovery—Continued131

2.Discovery Devices:The Mechanics and Tactics131

3-23.Depositions131

3-24.Depositions Upon Written Questions133

3-25.Interrogatories134

3-26.Discovery of Documents and Things136

3-27.Physical and Mental Examina-tions137

3-28.Admissions139

3-29.Objections to Discovery Re-quests140

3-30.Protective Orders and Sanc-tions:Controlling Abuses143

3.Specific Problems145

3-31.Attorney Work-Product145

3-32.Expert Witnesses148

3-33.Insurance Agreements149

3-34.Abuses and Proposals for Re-form150

E.Pretrial Conference152

3-35.In General152

3-36.The Judge's Role153

3-37.Pretrial Orders156

Chapter Ⅳ.Adjudication Without Trial157

A.Summary Judgment157

4-1.In General157

4-2.Grounds for Obtaining158

4-3.Burden of Proof159

4-4.Credibility as a Fact Issue161

A.Summary Judgment—Continued163

4-5.Procedure163

B.Default Judgment164

4-6.Types of Default164

4-7.Procedure165

C.Voluntary and Involuntary Dismissal168

4-8.Voluntary Dismissals168

4-9.Involuntary Dismissals:Fail-ure to Prosecute169

Chapter Ⅴ.The Trial170

A.The Process170

5-1.A General Description170

5-2.Rules of Evidence171

B.Jury Trial173

1.In General173

5-3.The Jury—Its History,Charac-ter and Function173

2.Scope of Jury Trial Rights176

5-4.Sources ofJury Trial Rights176

5-5.Constitutional Juries in Non-statutory Actions178

5-6.Constitutional Juries in Statu-tory Actions181

5-7.Demand Requirements183

3.Means of Controlling the Jury184

5-8.In General184

5-9.Selection Process184

5-10.Types of Verdicts186

5-11.Impeachment of the Verdict189

C.Trial and Post-trial Motions192

5-12.Directed Verdicts192

C.Trial and Post-trial Motions—Continued194

5-13.Judgments Notwithstanding the Verdict194

5-14.New Trial195

5-15.Partial and Conditional New Trials198

5-16.Combined Motions for New Trial and Judgment Not-withstanding the Verdict200

Chapter Ⅵ.Judgments and Their Ef-fects203

A.Relief From Judgments203

6-1.Principles Governing203

6-2.Grounds for Relief205

B.Securing and Enforcing Judgments207

6-3.How a Judgment Is Enforced207

6-4.Securing a Judgment—Consti-tutional Limitations209

C.The Binding Effect of Judgments212

1.In General212

6-5.The Nomenclature212

6-6.General Principles Governing214

2.Res Judicata215

6-7.Requirements for Asserting215

6-8.Defining a Cause of Action or Claim218

6-9.Who Will Be Bound223

6-10.Policies Outweighing Res Judi-cata225

3.Collateral Estoppel226

6-11.Requirements for Asserting226

6-12.Mediate and Ultimate Facts230

C.The Binding Effect of Judgments—Contin-ued231

6-13.Who Will Be Bound231

6-14.Limitations on Collateral Es-toppel235

Chapter Ⅶ.Appeals239

A.Time for Bringing an Appeal239

1.The Final Judgment Rule239

7-1.Final Judgment Rule239

7-2.Specialized Rules for Multi-Claim,Multi-Party Cases241

2.Exceptions to the Final Judgment Rule243

7-3.Statutory Interlocutory Ap-peals Routes243

7-4.Judicial Interlocutory Appeals Routes245

7-5.Extraordinary Routes of Ap-peal247

B.The Mechanics of Appeal249

7-6.Appealable Issues249

7-7.Standard of Review250

Chapter Ⅷ.Specialized Multi-Party—Multi-Claim Proceedings252

A.Class Actions252

8-1.General Purpose and Utility of Class Actions252

8-2.Types of Class Action Statutes254

8-3.Jurisdiction Requirements259

8-4.Procedural Fairness:Adequa-cy of Representation,Notice,and Binding Effect261

A.Class Actions—Continued265

8-5.Two Problems:Damage As-sessment and Attorney Fees265

B.Interpleader267

8-6.'History and General Require-ments267

8-7.Federal Statutory and Rule In-terpleader Compared269

8-8.Assertion of Additional Claims271

C.Multidistrict Litigation272

8-9.Modern Techniques for Han-dling272

Chapter Ⅸ.Other Special Problems in Federal Litigation275

A.Access Barriers275

9-1.Standing,Mootness,and Justi-ciability275

B.What Law Governs277

9-2.The Erie Doctrine277

9-3.Choosing Which State's Law Controls283

9-4.Federal Common Law285

9-5.Federal Law in State Courts287

INDEX289