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1 Condensed Matter：General Characters，the Chemical Bond，and Particle Interactions1

1.1.Entropy in Disordered Systems2

1.2.Central Forces and Directional Forces Between Atoms3

1.2.1.Metallic Bond4

1.2.2.Bonds Formed by Fluctuating Dipoles4

1.2.3.Covalent Bond5

1.2.4.Ionic Bond5

1.2.5.From Ionic Bond to Covalent Bond in Crystals7

1.3.Forces Between Molecules7

1.3.1.Electrostatic Bond in a Dielectric Medium7

1.3.2.Electric Dipoles8

1.3.3.Induced Dipoles，Polarizability11

1.3.4.Repulsive Forces13

1.3.5.Empirical Potentials of Interactions18

1.3.6.Water，Hydrogen Bond，and Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Effects19

1.4.van der Waals Forces Between Macroscopic Particles21

1.4.1.Pairwise Summation of Molecular Forces；Hamaker Constant21

1.4.2.Retardation Effects22

1.4.3.London Interactions in a Medium，Lifshitz Theory27

1.4.4.Casimir Interactions28

1.5.Polymers and Biological Molecules29

1.5.1.Synthetic Polymers29

1.5.2.Aminoacids，Proteins31

1.5.3.DNA36

1.5.4.Associations of Proteins：TMV，Microtubules36

2 Atomic and Molecular Arrangements42

2.1.Atomic Order42

2.1.1.Packing Densities42

2.1.2.Liquids and Amorphous Media45

2.1.3.Geometrical Frustration47

2.1.4.Incommensurate Phases and Quasicrystals49

2.2.Molecular Order53

2.2.1.Plastic Crystals53

2.2.2.The Building Blocks of Liquid Crystals55

2.2.3.Classification of the Mesomorphic Phases59

2.2.4.Isotropic Phases69

2.3.Perturbations of the Crystalline Order71

2.3.1.Weak Perturbations71

2.3.2.Strong Perturbations72

3 The Order Parameter：Amplitude and Phase76

3.1.The Order Parameter Space77

3.1.1.Superfluid Helium77

3.1.2.Heisenberg Ferromagnets78

3.1.3.X-Y Ferromagnets79

3.1.4.Uniaxial Nematics80

3.1.5.Crystalline Solids82

3.1.6.Order-Disorder Transitions in Alloys83

3.2.The Specific Order Parameter of Liquid Crystals：The Director83

3.2.1.Microscopic Definition83

3.2.2.Macroscopic Properties86

3.3.Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media；Application to Director Fields90

3.3.1.Fresnel Equation90

3.3.2.Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves92

3.3.3.Observations in Polarized Light.Microscopy95

4 Phase Transitions105

4.1.Landau-de Gennes Model of the Uniaxial Nematic-Isotropic Phase Transition106

4.2.Nematic Order and Statistical Theory of Rigid Rodlike Particles109

4.2.1.Free Energy of a Solution of Spherical Particles109

4.2.2.Free Energy of a Solution of Rigid Rods113

4.3.Maier-Saupe Mean Field Theory of the Isotropic-Nematic Transition115

4.4.The Smectic A-Nematic Transition117

4.4.1.Order Parameter117

4.4.2.Ginzburg-Landau Expansion118

4.4.3.Analogy with Superconductors120

4.4.4.Characteristic Lengths121

4.4.5.Anomalies of K2 and K3 Coefficients123

4.4.6.Abrikosov Phases with Dislocations124

4.5.Kosterlitz-Thouless Model of Phase Transitions129

5 Elasticity of Mesomorphic Phases135

5.1.Uniaxial Nematics and Cholesterics135

5.1.1.Elastic Free Energy Density135

5.1.2.Geometrical Interpretations of Director Deformations137

5.1.3.Material Elastic Constants140

5.2.Lamellar Phases143

5.2.1.Free Energy Density143

5.2.2.Splay and Saddle-Splay Deformations145

5.2.3.Free Energy Density for Small Deformations148

5.3.Free Energy of a Nematic Liquid Crystal in an External Field149

5.4.Standard Applications of the Elasticity of Nematics153

5.4.1.Minimization of the Free Energy in the Generic Case153

5.4.2.Hybrid-Aligned Nematic Film157

5.4.3.External Field Effects：Characteristic Lengths and Frederiks Transitions161

5.5.Standard Applications of the Elasticity of Smectics164

5.5.1.Smectic Phase with Small Deformations164

5.5.2.Smectic Phase with Large Deformations and Topological Deformations167

5.6.Thermodynamic Fluctuations170

5.6.1.Thermodynamic Fluctuations in Nematics171

5.6.2.Thermodynamic Fluctuations in Smectics173

Appendix A：One-Dimensional Variational Problem174

5.A.1.Fixed Boundary Conditions174

5.A.2.Soft Boundary Conditions176

Appendix B：Formulae for Fourier Transforms177

6 Dynamics of Isotropic and Anisotropic Fluids184

6.1.Velocity Field and Stress Tensor185

6.1.1.Material Derivatives and Components of Fluid Motion185

6.1.2.Body and Surface Forces.Stress Tensor187

6.2.Isotropic Fluid in Motion189

6.2.1.Conservation of Mass：Contunuity Equation189

6.2.2.Linear Momentum Equation189

6.2.3.Energy Balance Equation191

6.2.4.Entropy Production Equation192

6.2.5.Viscous Stress Tensor195

6.2.6.Navier-Stokes Equations.Reynolds Number.Laminar and Turbulent Flow196

6.3.Nematodynamics in Ericksen-Leslie Model198

6.3.1.Angular Momentum Equation199

6.3.2.Energy Balance Equation200

6.3.3.Entropy Production Equation200

6.3.4.Nondissipative Dynamics202

6.3.5.Dissipative Dynamics202

6.4.Nematodynamics in Harvard Theory205

6.4.1.Director Dynamics and Dissipative Stress Tensor205

6.4.2.Summary of Nematodynamics206

6.5.Applications of Nematodynamics210

6.5.1.Nematic Viscosimetry210

6.5.2.Flow-Aligning and Tumbling Nematics with Director in the Shear Plane213

6.5.3.Instabilities with the Director Field Perpendicular to the Shear Plane217

6.6.Hydrodynamic Modes218

7 Fractals and Growth Phenomena223

7.1.Basic Fractal Concepts224

7.1.1.Length of a Line224

7.1.2.Koch Curve225

7.1.3.Self-Similarity227

7.1.4.Estimating Fractal Dimensions228

7.1.5.Deterministic and Stochastic Fractals230

7.1.6.Brownian Motion and Random Walks232

7.1.7.Pair Correlation Function233

7.1.8.Inner and Outer Cutoffs235

7.2.Percolation235

7.2.1.Geometrical Percolation235

7.2.2.Percolation and Second-Order Phase Transitions239

7.2.3.Finite Clusters at the Percolation Threshold240

7.2.4.Fractal Dimension of the Percolation Cluster242

7.2.5.Percolation on Bethe Lattice243

7.2.6.Percolation and the Renormalization Group245

7.3.Aggregation247

7.3.1.Cluster-Cluster Aggregation249

7.3.2.The Witten-Sander Model of Diffusion-Limited Aggregation249

7.3.3.Continuum Laplacian Model250

7.4.Viscous Fingering in the Hele-Shaw Cell252

7.4.1.Flow in Thin Cells254

7.4.2.Instability of Interface254

8 Dislocations in Solids.Plastic Relaxation261

8.1.Elasticity of Dislocations261

8.1.1.Linear Elasticity：A Summary261

8.1.2.Applied Stresses and Internal Stresses264

8.2.Volterra Dislocations264

8.2.1.Definitions264

8.2.2.Elastic Observables Related to Volterra Defects266

8.3.Simple Topological Characteristics of Dislocations269

8.3.1.Equivalent Circuits269

8.3.2.Dislocations in Crystals270

8.3.3.Imperfect Dislocations.Stacking Faults and Twins272

8.4.Some Remarks on the Elastic Energy of a Dislocation272

8.4.1.Stability272

8.4.2.Image Forces；Peach and Kohler Forces273

8.4.3.Line Tension276

8.4.4.Frank and Read Mechanism276

8.4.5.The Dislocation Core278

8.5.Mobility of a Dislocation279

8.5.1.Elementary Movements of a Dislocation279

8.5.2.Glide and Peierls Stress281

8.6.Point Defects and Climb285

8.6.1.Vacancies and Interstitials286

8.6.2.Diffusion of Point Defects and Autodiffusion287

8.6.3.Creep291

8.7.Ensembles of Dislocations293

8.7.1.Frank Network293

8.7.2.Sub-Boundaries294

8.7.3.Large Misorientations，Twin and Epitaxy Dislocations，Martensitic Transformations296

9 Dislocations in Smectic and Columnar Phases300

9.1.Static Dislocations in Smectics300

9.1.1.Edge Dislocations300

9.1.2.Screw Dislocation308

9.1.3.Line Tension of a Screw Dislocation313

9.1.4.Stresses in an SmA and Peach and Kohler Forces313

9.2.Dislocations in Columnar Phases315

9.2.1.Longitudinal Edge Dislocations315

9.2.2.Edge Transversal Dislocations316

9.2.3.Screw Dislocations318

9.2.4.Free Fluctuations of Longitudinal Dislocations320

9.3.Hydrodynamics of a Smectic Phase321

9.4.Dynamic Modes in Smectics326

9.5.Movement of Isolated Dislocations in an SmA Phase327

9.5.1.Edge Dislocation327

9.5.2.Screw Dislocation330

9.6.Collective Behavior of Dislocations and Instabilities331

9.6.1.General Remarks331

9.6.2.Collective Climb of Dislocations in SmA332

9.6.3.Multiplication of Edge Dislocations333

10 Curvature Defects in Smectics and Columnar Phases337

10.1.Curvature in Solid Crystals338

10.2.Curvature in Liquid Crystals：Some General Remarks339

10.3.Curvature in Smectics340

10.3.1.Historical Remarks340

10.3.2.Congruences of Straight Normals and Focal Conic Domains341

10.3.3.Congruences of Normals，Variations of Perfect Focal Conic Domains343

10.4.Focal Conic Domains345

10.4.1.The Analytical Approach：Basic Formulae345

10.4.2.Different Species of Focal Conic Domains347

10.5.Curvature Energy of FCDs351

10.5.1.FCD-I ：Negative Gaussian Curvature352

10.5.2.Toric FCD with Negative Gaussian Curvature354

10.5.3.Parabolic FCD with Negative Gaussian Curvature355

10.5.4.FCD-Ⅱ：Positive Gaussian Curvature358

10.6.Curvature Defects in Columnar Phases359

10.6.1.General Considerations359

10.6.2.Developable Domains361

10.6.3.Classification of Developable Domains363

10.7.FCDs in Lyotropic Lamellar Phases：Oily Streaks and Spherulites365

10.7.1.Oily Streaks365

10.7.2.Spherulites367

10.8.Grain Boundaries and Space Filling with FCDs368

10.8.1.Focal Conic Domains of the First Species369

10.8.2.Focal Conic Domains of the Second Species377

10.9.Rheophysics of FCDs378

10.9.1.Global Viscoelastic Behavior and Alignment Under Shear379

10.9.2.Textures380

11 Disclinations and Topological Point Defects.Fluid Relaxation388

11.1.Lines and Points in Uniaxial Nematics：Static Properties389

11.1.1.Wedge Disclinations in Nematics389

11.1.2.Nonsingular Disclinations394

11.1.3.Twist Disclinations399

11.1.4.Defect Lines in LCPs400

11.1.5.Singular Points400

11.1.6.Confinement-Induced Twists402

11.2.Cholesterics404

11.2.1.Elastic Theory at Different Scales405

11.2.2.Weak Twist Deformations：Double Twist406

11.2.3.Disclinations λ，τ，and x408

11.2.4.Dislocations410

11.2.5.Other Effects of the Layer Structure412

11.3.Beyond the Volterra Process：First Step414

11.3.1.Dislocations and Disclinations Densities in Relation with Disclinations414

11.3.2.Extension to Finite Dislocations418

11.3.3.Core Structure and Physical Properties418

11.4.Dynamical Properties：General Features，Instabilities419

11.4.1.General Features420

11.4.2.Instabilities of Initially Defect-Free Samples421

11.5.Dynamics of Defects426

11.5.1.Isolated Disclination，Drag Force426

11.5.2.Interaction and Annihilation of Line and Point Defects427

11.5.3.Coarsening of Disclination Networks430

12 Topological Theory of Defects434

12.1.Basic Concepts of the Topological Classification435

12.1.1.Topological Charges Illustrated with Mobius Strips435

12.1.2.DNA and Twisted Strips，a Digression436

12.1.3.Groups：Basic Definitions438

12.1.4.General Scheme of the Topological Classification of Defects439

12.1.5.Order Parameter Space.Groups That Describe Transformations of the Order Parameter440

12.1.6.Homotopy Groups441

12.1.7.Point Defects in a Two-Dimensional Nematic Phase444

12.1.8.Point Dislocations in a Two-Dimensional Crystal447

12.2.The Fundamental Group of the Order Parameter Space.Linear Defects452

12.2.1.Unstable Disclinations in a Three-Dimensional Isotropic Ferromagnet453

12.2.2.Stable Disclinations in a Three-Dimensional Uniaxial Nematic Phase454

12.2.3.Disclinations in Biaxial Nematic and Cholesteric Phases455

12.3.The Second Homotopy Group of the Order Parameter Space and Point Defects459

12.3.1.Point Defects in a Three-Dimensional Ferromagnet460

12.3.2.Topological Charges of Point Defects461

12.3.3.Point Defects in a Three-Dimensional Nematic Phase463

12.4.Solitons464

12.4.1.Planar Solitons464

12.4.2.Linear Solitons466

12.4.3.Particlelike Solitons467

13 Surface Phenomena472

13.1.Surface Phenomena in Isotropic Media472

13.1.1.Surface Tension and Thermodynamics of Flat Interfaces472

13.1.2.Adsorption475

13.1.3.Curved Interfaces479

13.1.4.Surface Tension and Nucleation of the New Phase483

13.1.5.Wetting485

13.2.Surface Phenomena in Anisotropic Media489

13.2.1.Equilibrium Shape（Wulff Shape）of Solid Crystals489

13.2.2.Surface Anchoring in Nematic Liquid Crystals493

13.2.3.Field Effects Under Finite Anchoring496

13.2.4.Thin Liquid Crystal Films；Casimir Interactions500

13.2.5.Topological Defects in Large Liquid Crystal Droplets501

13.2.6.Smectic A Droplets510

14 Stability of Colloidal Systems519

14.1.Interactions Between Rigid Charged Surfaces520

14.1.1.The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation520

14.1.2.Fundamental Lengths in the Poisson-Boltzmann Problem522

14.1.3.Free Energy and Maxwell Stress Tensor524

14.1.4.Weak Electrolyte Solutions526

14.1.5.Strong Electrolyte Solutions528

14.1.6.The DLVO Theory：van der Waals versus Electrostatic Interactions530

14.2.Interactions in Lamellar Flexible Systems531

14.2.1.Elasticity of Neutral Membranes533

14.2.2.Flexible Layers and Excluded Volume540

14.2.3.The Lamellar，Sponge，and Cubic Phases；Microemulsions546

14.3.Solutions of Colloidal Particles；Stability Properties547

14.3.1.Brownian Flocculation549

14.3.2.Depletion Flocculation550

14.3.3.Stability Under Shear；Rheological Properties551

14.3.4.Order versus Disorder553

14.3.5.Measurements of Interactions in Colloidal Systems555

15 Polymers：Structural Properties560

15.1.Ideal and Flory Chains561

15.1.1.Single-chain Conformations563

15.1.2.The Ideal（or Gaussian）Chain564

15.1.3.Pair Correlation Function and Radius of Gyration567

15.1.4.The Flory Chain568

15.2.Chains in Interaction572

15.2.1.The Mean Field Approach573

15.2.2.Scaling Laws for Athermal Solutions577

15.3.Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions and Polymer Blends580

15.3.1.Liquid Equilibrium States versus Nonequilibrium States580

15.3.2.First-Order Phase Transitions：An Overview582

15.3.3.Polymer Blends586

15.3.4.Microscopic Phase Separation into Block Copolymers588

15.4.Rigid and Semiflexible Polymers590

15.4.1.Rigid Rods590

15.4.2.Semiflexible Polymers591

15.4.3.Chirality593

Appendix A：The Central Limit Theorem593

Appendix B：Isothermal Compressibility and Density Fluctuations；Static Linear Response595

Table of Constants604

Name Index605

Subject Index617