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Chapter One Mechanics1

1.1 General Remarks1

1.2 Margins,Paragraphing,and Handwriting1

1.2.1 Margins1

1.2.2 Paragraphing2

1.2.3 Handwriting3

1.3 Syllabification/Syllable Structure3

1.4 Abbreviation and Numerals4

1.4.1 Abbreviations4

1.4.2 Numerals6

1.5 Capitalization7

Exercises11

Chapter Two Punctuation Marks14

2.1 General Remarks14

2.2 Line-beginning Punctuation Marks15

2.3 Sentence-ending Punctuation Marks15

2.3.1 The Period/The Full Stop16

2.3.2 The Question Mark17

2.3.3 The Exclamation Point18

2.4 Internal Punctuation Marks18

2.4.1 The Comma19

2.4.2 The Semicolon23

2.4.3 The Colon25

2.4.4 Quotation Marks26

2.4.5 The Dash27

2.4.6 Parentheses28

2.4.7 Brackets29

2.4.8 The Apostrophe30

2.4.9 The Hyphen30

2.4.10 The Virgule/Slant32

2.4.11 Italics/Underlining32

2.5 Some Points about the Use of Punctuation Marks33

Exercises34

Chapter Three Diction40

3.1 General Remarks40

3.2 Appropriateness and Sense of Style41

3.2.1 Sense of Style41

3.2.2 Degree of Word Formality42

3.3 Exactness and Use of Synonymous Words and Expressions45

3.4 Specificity,Concreteness,and Conciseness49

3.5 Imagery/Figures of Speech53

3.5.1 Metaphor and Simile53

3.5.2 Personification54

3.5.3 Hyperbole54

3.5.4 Euphemism55

Exercises56

Chapter Four Sentence Writing61

4.1 General Remarks61

4.1.1 Sentence Sense61

4.1.2 The Requirements of an Effective Sentence62

4.1.3 Sentence Elements66

4.1.4 Sentence Patterns67

4.2 Parts of Speech and Their Respective Functions and Positions in a Sentence69

4.2.1 Nouns70

4.2.2 Pronouns70

4.2.3 Adjectives70

4.2.4 Adverbs72

4.2.5 Prepositions78

4.2.6 Conjunctions78

4.3 Phrases,Clauses,and Sentence Fragments79

4.3.1 Phrases79

4.3.2 Clauses81

4.3.3 Recognizing and Avoiding Sentence Fragments83

4.4 Classification of Sentences85

4.4.1 Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,and Exclamatory Sentences85

4.4.2 Simple,Complex,Compound,and Compound-complex Sentences85

4.4.3 Loose,Periodic,Mixed,and Balanced Sentences86

4.4.4 Long and Short Sentences88

4.4.5 Recognizing and Avoiding Comma splices and Fused Sentences89

4.5 Ways of Achieving Sentence Variety91

4.5.1 Achieving Sentence Variety via Combination92

4.5.2 Achieving Sentence Variety via Coordination93

4.5.3 Achieving Sentence variety by Using Parallel Structure95

4.5.4 Achieving Sentence Variety via Subordination97

4.5.5 Achieving Sentence Variety by Using Modifying Phrases98

4.5.6 Achieving Sentence Variety by Using Appositives99

4.5.7 Achieving Sentence Variety by Applying Inversion100

4.5.8 Achieving Sentence Variety by Employing Emphatic Sentence Structures100

4.5.9 Achieving Sentence Variety by Using Inanimate Subjects101

Exercises101

Chapter Five Paragraph Writing114

5.1 General Remarks114

5.2 Types of Paragraphs115

5.2.1 The Topical Paragraph115

5.2.2 The Introductory Paragraph116

5.2.3 The Transitional Paragraph116

5.2.4 The Conclusion Paragraph117

5.3 The Basic Structure and Qualities of a Topical Paragraph118

5.3.1 The Unity of a Topical Paragraph118

5.3.2 The Topic Sentence(TS)of a Topical Paragraph120

5.3.3 The Supporting Sentences(SS)in a Topical Paragraph124

5.3.4 The Concluding Sentence(CS)in a Topical Paragraph125

5.3.5 The Coherence of a Topical Paragraph126

5.3.6 The Order of a Topical Paragraph128

5.3.7 The Continuity of a Topical Paragraph134

5.3.8 The Completeness of a Topical Paragraph138

5.4 Steps Usually Taken in Writing a Topical Paragraph139

5.5 Evaluation of a Topical Paragraph141

Exercises142

Chapter Six Essay Writing157

6.1 General Remarks157

6.2 The Basic Structure of an Essay158

6.2.1 The Introduction of an Essay159

6.2.2 The Body of an Essay162

6.2.3 The Conclusion of an Essay162

6.3 Types of Essays165

6.3.1 Narrative Essays165

6.3.2 Descriptive Essays169

6.3.3 Expositive Essays171

6.3.4 Argumentative Essays173

6.4 The Process of Writing an Essay and Evaluation of an Essay175

6.4.1 The Process of Writing an Essay175

6.4.2 Evaluation of an Essay176

6.5 Sample Essays and Discussions178

Exercises192

Chapter Seven Letter Writing198

7.1 General Remarks198

7.2 Addressing an Envelope199

7.3 The Format/Lay-out of a Letter201

7.3.1 The Heading201

7.3.2 The Date202

7.3.3 The Salutation203

7.3.4 The Body203

7.3.5 The Complimentary Close203

7.3.6 The Signature204

7.4 Personal Letter Writing205

7.4.1 Family Letter Writing205

7.4.2 Friendly Letter Writing209

7.5 Social Letter Writing212

Exercises217

Chapter Eight Note Writing223

8.1 General Remarks223

8.2 The Content of a Note224

8.3 The Language of a Note225

8.4 The Format of a Note228

8.5 Guidelines for Writing Effective Notes229

Exercises230

Chapter Nine Business Writing231

9.1 General Remarks231

9.2 The Format of a Business Letter233

9.2.1 The Heading and the Date233

9.2.2 The Inside Address233

9.2.3 The Salutation235

9.2.4 The Body235

9.2.5 The Complimentary Close236

9.2.6 The Signature237

9.3 Application Letter and Résur？e Writing244

9.3.1 A Request Letter for an Application Form245

9.3.2 A Sample Letter of Application246

9.3.3 General Remarks about Résu？e Writing247

9.3.4 Sample Résumé249

9.4 Sample Business Letters for Various Purposes251

9.5 Evaluation of a Business Letter258

Exercises258

Chapter Ten Miscellaneous Practical Writing262

10.1 General Remarks about Diagrammatic Information Transferring262

10.2 The Content and Some Useful Expressions Used in Diagrammatic Description264

10.3 Steps Usually Taken in Diagrammatic Description and Sample Articles265

10.3.1 Steps Usually Taken in Diagrammatic Description265

10.3.2 Sample Articles of Diagrammatic Description267

10.4 Summary Writing272

10.4.1 General Remarks about Summary Writing272

10.4.2 Summary Writing Process273

10.5 E-mail Writing276

Exercises276

Appendix Ⅰ Correction Symbols279

Appendix Ⅱ The Fifty States of U.S.A.and Their Abbreviations281

Appendix Ⅲ Writing Terms282

Appendix Ⅳ Useful Expressions and Idioms and Proverbs292

Appendix Ⅴ Key to Exercises304

Bibliography323