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CHAPTER 1 THE IMPORTANCE AND HISTORY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1

1.1 The Nature of Intercultural Communication2

1.1.1 Defining Intercultural Communication2

1.1.2 The Problem of Cultural Difference and Cultural Sensitivity3

1.2 The Importance of Intercultural Communication8

1.2.1 New Technology and Information Systems12

1.2.2 Changes in the World Population14

1.2.3 Economic Globalization19

1.2.4 Development of Multiculturalism23

1.3 An Overview of Intercultural Communication29

1.3.1 The Development of Intercultural Communication in the West30

1.3.2 The Contents of Intercultural Communication Study36

1.3.3 Intercultural Communication Research Situation in China60

1.4 The Significance of Intercultural Communication Research65

Questions for Discussion66

References66

CHAPTER 2 CULTUURE AND COMMUNICATION73

2.1 Culture73

2.1.1 The Essence of Culture76

2.1.2 Defining Culture78

2.1.3 Layers of Culture85

2.1.4 The Elements of Culture90

2.1.5 The Basic Functions of Culture92

2.1.6 The Characteristics of Culture93

2.2 Communication100

2.2.1 The Essence of Communication102

2.2.2 Defining Communication102

2.2.3 Types of Communication106

2.2.4 Characteristics of Communication108

2.2.5 Means of Communication111

2.2.6 A Major Issue in Communicatiorr—Stereotyping112

2.3 The Relationship between Culture and Communication118

Questions for Discussion120

References120

CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGE AND CULTURE124

3.1 Language and Communication124

3.1.1 The Importance of Language in Intercultural Communication124

3.1.2 The Components of Language134

3.1.3 Characteristics of Language142

3.1.4 Functions of Language147

3.1.5 Changes in Language152

3.2 Language,Culture,and Thought Processing157

3.2.1 Linguistic Determinism/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis159

3.2.2 Language and Cultural Attachment171

3.2.3 Culture and the Rules of Interaction175

3.2.4 Culture and Meaning of Words180

3.3 Language Varieties183

3.3.1 Pidgin183

3.3.2 Creole184

3.3.3 Regional Dialect184

3.3.4 Minority Dialect184

3.3.5 Indigenized Variety185

3.3.6 World Englishes186

3.4 Gender and Language196

3.4.1 Gender and Gender Stereotypes197

3.4.2 Family Influence on Boys and Girls' Communication Manners199

3.4.3 Gender Differences in Communication201

3.4.4 Gender and Intercultural Communication206

Questions for Discussion208

References208

CHAPTER 4 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE214

4.1 The Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Intercultural Communication215

4.2 The Relationship between Nonverbal Communication and Culture222

4.2.1 Nonverbal Communication Is Culture Bound222

4.2.2 What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates224

4.2.3 Larger Cultural Patterns Reflected in the Nonverbal Behavior224

4.3 Defining Nonverbal Communication226

4.3.1 Origin226

4.3.2 Definition227

4.4 Functions of Nonverbal Communication228

4.5 Classifications of Nonverbal Communication230

4.5.1 Kinesics230

4.5.2 Haptics:Touching in Communication243

4.5.3 Appearance and Dress247

4.5.4 Olfactics250

4.5.5 Oculesics251

4.5.6 Paralanguage253

4.5.7 Proxemics256

4.5.8 Chronemics261

4.5.9 Silence268

Questions for Discussion270

References271

CHAPTER 5 IDENTITY AND VALUES274

5.1 Identity274

5.1.1 The Need to Understand Identity274

5.1.2 Classification of Identity277

5.1.3 Immigration and Displacement282

5.1.4 Identity Crisis and Identity Reconstruction286

5.2 Values296

5.2.1 What Is Value297

5.2.2 Different Values and Misunderstandings301

Questions for Discussion332

References333

CHAPTER 6 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION/MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION336

6.1 Introduction336

6.2 Culture,Diversity,and Education340

6.2.1 Culture340

6.2.2 Diversity341

6.2.3 The Abandonment of Assimilation Model and the Rise of the Multiculturalism Model342

6.3 The Nature of Intercultural Education/Multicultural Education346

6.4 Barriers to Multiculturalism352

6.4.1 Whiteness352

6.4.2 Cultural Elitism353

6.5 Present Situation for Minority Students in Multicultural Classroom355

6.5.1 Chinese Immigrant Children in Canada357

6.5.2 Latin and African American Students360

6.5.3 Muslim Students362

6.6 Teaching in a Multicultural Classroom363

6.6.1 Challenges Faced by Teachers in the New Century363

6.6.2 Teachers'Role in a Multicultural Classroom365

6.7 Dilemma for Internationally Educated Professionals370

6.8 Intercultural Education in China376

6.9 Intercultural Education in Business380

Questions for Discussion381

References382