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Introduction1

PART Ⅰ： LAW AND POLITICS7

1 General themes9

1.1 Introduction to the relationship between law and politics10

On power - political power and legal power10

Elements of the constitutional state11

Jurisdiction， state and legal system13

1.2 Sovereignty15

Sovereignty： a contested concept15

Attributing sovereignty - to whom or what？16

Post-sovereignty？18

1.3 The rule of law and the ‘inner morality of law’20

The rule of law- meaning and value20

Challenges to the rule of law20

An inner morality of law22

1.4 Rights26

Civil， political and social rights28

Politicising law-legalising politics29

The indivisibility of rights？30

Rights in international and global context31

1.5 Identifying valid law33

Hart’s concept of law35

Kelsen’s pure theory of law38

Legality and validity40

Injustice and invalidity44

2 Advanced topics50

2.1 Justice51

Introduction51

Utilitarianism versus libertarianism52

Liberalism： Rawls’s justice as fairness56

Socialism59

2.2 Constitutionalism and citizenship65

The paradox of constitutionalism65

Representation and foundation67

Constitutional ‘moments’68

Citizenship： liberal and republican70

2.3 Law， politics and globalisation74

Globalisation and the reconfigured State74

Sovereignty after globalisation75

Constitutionalism beyond the State78

2.4 Law and the state of emergency81

Emergency， derogation and the ‘war’ on terror81

Carl Schmitt： Sovereignty and the exception84

2.5 The rule of law in political transitions88

Dilemmas of the rule of law88

Difficulties in establishing accountability and responsibility89

Forms of justice90

Tutorials96

PART Ⅱ： LEGAL REASONING111

1 General themes113

1.1 Introduction to legal reasoning114

1.2 Legal formalism117

What is formalism？117

The ‘pure theory of law’ and the notion of self-containment118

Formalism and deduction120

The promise of formalism122

1.3 American Legal Realism123

‘The Path of the Law’： law as prophecy125

Rule-scepticism126

Fact-scepticism128

The faith in science129

1.4 Rules， ‘open texture’ and the limits of discretion131

HLA Hart and the ‘open texture’ of legal language131

Neil MacCormick： the defence of an ‘extended formalism’133

1.5 Law as a practice of interpretation137

Dworkin on ‘hard’ cases137

The ‘right answer’： law as integrity140

1.6 Critical Legal Studies142

2 Advanced topics148

2.1 Justice， natural law and the limits of rule-following149

Moral reason and hard cases149

John Finnis and the morality of the law150

2.2 Equality， difference and domination： feminist critiques of adjudication154

Initial challenges154

Critiquing the form of legal reasoning155

Comparing approaches157

2.3 Trials， facts and narratives159

The legacy of fact-scepticism159

Trials and perceptions of fact： language and narrative in the courtroom162

Trials， regulation and justice165

2.4 Judging in an unjust society168

2.5 Law and deconstruction174

Tutorials187

PART Ⅲ： LAW AND MODERNITY201

1 General themes203

1.1 The advent of modernity204

1.2 Law and social solidarity210

1.3 Law， power and exploitation215

The function of law218

Ideology219

Marxists and the law222

1.4 Formal legal rationality and legal modernity224

Forms of legal rationality224

Forms of political authority226

The development of legal modernity228

1.5 Transformations of modern law233

The materialisation of modern law233

Law in the welfare state235

The welfare state and globalisation239

‘Unthinking’ modern law241

2 Advanced topics247

2.1 Legal pluralism248

Classical and contemporary legal pluralism248

Strong and weak legal pluralism， and the position of the State250

Empirical， conceptual and political approaches to legal pluralism251

Future directions in legal pluralism253

2.2 Juridification255

Introductory remarks255

Habermas on juridification257

Juridification and the ‘regulatory trilemma’258

Juridification as depoliticisation260

A fifth epoch？262

2.3 Displacing the juridical： Foucault on power and discipline264

Introductory remarks264

Discipline and biopower265

Governmentality268

A theory of legal modernity？269

2.4 Law in the risk society271

Introduction271

Features of the‘risk society’272

Law in the risk society274

Individualisation276

2.5 Law and autopoiesis278

The concept of autopoiesis278

An inventory of concepts279

The coding of social systems281

Society， sub-systems and the law283

How does ‘the law think’？284

Tutorials290

Index299