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INTRODUCTION A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY,ITS CONCEPT,ORIGINS,SCOPE AND ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS1

1.Definition and scope of industrial property1

2.Industrial property:a legal mechanism embedded in the fabric of every free,market-oriented economy3

3.Industrial property,an integral element of competition policy9

a)The first level of interoperability:industrial property needs competition law9

b)The second level of interoperability:competition law needs industrial property10

c)A special note on the interface between patent and competition law11

(ⅰ)Patents and monopolies12

(ⅱ)Abuses of patent rights17

d)Patents and trademarks at a crossroads19

e)Industrial property,competition law and repression of unfair competition22

4.The global harmonization of industrial property23

a)Harmonization of industrial property and the rationale of market access23

b)Harmonization of industrial property and the rationale of foreign direct investment25

5.A final note on TRIPS "flexibilities"28

PREAMBLE AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS35

1.The scope,the nature and the function of the TRIPS Agreement36

a)The scope of the TRIPS Agreement36

b)The dynamic dimension of the TRIPS Agreement39

c)The nature and the function of the Agreement41

(Ⅰ)The first objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade44

(Ⅱ)The second objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to protect private property rights45

2.TRIPS-intellectual property and trade47

a)TRIPS and the GATT50

b)The WTO and WIPO57

3.Intellectual property and economic development62

PART Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES69

Article 1 Nature and Scope of Obligations71

1.The TRIPS Agreement:a minimum standards agreement72

2.Method of implementing the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement77

3.Implementation81

4.The scope of TRIPS Obligations85

Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventions89

1.The objective of the Paris Convention:the articulation of national industrial property systems89

2.The national treatment principle under the Paris Convention90

3.The principle of priority93

4.The principle of independence93

a)Independence of patents93

b)Independence of trademarks96

c)Independence of designs97

5.Article 5 of the Paris Convention and trade protectionism99

6.From the Paris Convention to the TRIPS Agreement99

7.The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention101

Article 3 National Treatment111

1.The"no less favourable"treatment standard of the TRIPS Agreement as opposed to the "same"treatment standard of the Paris Convention111

2.The concept of"necessity" in the TRIPS Agreement116

3.Two GATT Panel Reports on the national treatment principle and Article XX(d)of the GATT 1947119

4.The principle of national treatment in the European Communities cases122

5.Scope and reach of the footnote to Article 3126

Article 4 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment131

1.The most-favoured-nation treatment principle131

2.The mfn principle and the national treatment principle:a rule of thumb132

3.Scope of the mfn principle133

4.Exemptions from the mfn principle134

Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection139

1.The scope of the exemption under Article 5139

2.An example of an admissible exemption:Discriminatory reduction of fees141

Article 6 Exhaustion143

1.The meaning of Article 6143

2.Exhaustion147

3.The legal implications of international exhaustion156

4.A third modality of exhaustion:Controlled international exhaustion166

Article 7 Objectives169

1.The scope and the meaning of Article 7169

2.Transfer and dissemination of technology174

3.The meaning of the expression "balance of rights and obligations"179

4.The relationship between Article 7 and Article 67184

Article 8 Principles187

Paragraph 1188

1.The conditions for the application of Article 8.1188

2.Article 8.1 and non-violation complaints190

3.The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health191

4.The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health-The overlooked role of trademarks197

Paragraph 2202

PART Ⅱ STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY,SCOPE AND USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS205

Section 2:Trademarks207

Article 15 Protectable Subject Matter207

Paragraph 1207

1.A brief history of the negotiations207

2.A functional definition of trademarks212

3.Signs that can constitute trademarks214

4.The TRIPS Agreement covers collective marks but not certification marks216

5.Service marks221

6.The condition of distinctiveness222

7.Non-visually perceptible marks:sounds,scents and tastes231

8.Signs that are not inherently capable of distinguishing v.signs that are inherently incapable of distinguishing235

Paragraph 2236

Paragraph 3243

Paragraph 4247

Paragraph 5253

Article 16 Rights Conferred257

Paragraph 1257

1.The history and the scope of Article 16.1257

2.Likelihood of confusion262

3.Prior rights266

Paragraph 2271

1.Objectives and scope of Article 16.2271

2.The protection of well-known marks does not depend on actual use272

3.Well-known trademarks do not need to be reputed:notoriety suffices275

4.The quantitative approach of Article 16.2275

5.Elements that can assist in identifying a well-known mark280

6.The scope of Article 16.2 contrasts with that of Article 16.1281

7.Registration as a condition for enforcing rights in well-known marks281

8.The ultimate criterion:Prohibition of parasitic and dishonest practices282

9.Article 16.2 does not apply to trademarks that are not eligible for protection under Article 15.1 and 2285

Paragraph 3286

Article 17 Exceptions293

Article 18 Term of Protection307

Article 19 Requirement of Use309

Paragraph 1309

1.The relationship between Articles 19.1 and 15.3309

2.The history and scope of Article 19.1310

3.The justification of lack of actual use313

Paragraph 2319

Article 20 Other Requirements323

1.The history and the scope of Article 20323

2.The five elements of Article 20328

3.The relationship between Article 20 and Article 17332

4.The meaning of the second sentence of Article 20334

5.The implementation of Article 20 - interpretation and practice335

6.Article 20 and public health343

Article 21 Licensing and Assignment347

1.The scope of Article 21347

2.Quality control351

3.Compulsory licenses of trademarks352

4.Compulsory assignments of trademarks355

5.Solutions alternative to trademark compulsory licensing356

a)Prohibitions of use and cancellation of registration356

b)Limitations on injunctions357

6.Article 21 and Article 6quater(1)of the Paris Convention365

7.The implementation of Article 21366

Section 3:Geographical Indications369

Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications369

Paragraph 3369

Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits383

Paragraph 2383

Article 24 International Negotiations; Exceptions387

Paragraph 5387

Paragraph 7392

Section 4:Industrial Designs395

Article 25 Requirements for Protection395

Paragraph 1395

Paragraph 2406

Article 26 Protection413

Paragraph 1413

Paragraph 2415

1.Exceptions to rights in industrial designs415

2.Exceptions regarding aircraft spare parts:The Convention on International Civil Aviation415

3.Compulsory licenses of industrial designs419

Paragraph 3423

PART Ⅴ DISPUTE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT427

Article 64 Dispute Settlement429

1.Objectives and nature of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism429

2.The new features of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism431

3.Conciliatory steps432

4.The outcome of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism433

5.Specific issues concerning the withdrawal of concessions in the TRIPS Agreement434

6.Non-violation and situation complaints436

7.The special(and overlooked)interest of LDCs in non-violation complaints442

8.Trademark-related disputes443

9.Lessons from the Dispute Settlement Mechanism445

a)First lesson:good intentions do not count445

b)Second lesson:more(protection)is always better than less446

c)Third lesson:international trade has reasons that the Reason does not know446

PART Ⅵ TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS449

Article 65 Transitional Arrangements451

Paragraph 5451

1.Standstill451

2.Standstill and LDCs452

Article 66 Least-Developed Country Members459

Paragraph 1459

Paragraph 2465

Article 70 Protection of Existing Subject Matter471

Paragraph 1471

Paragraph 2474

Paragraph 3476

Paragraph 4477

Annex479

Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights479

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property517

Index531