The Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against TorturePDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1. The Origins and Background of OPCAT1

A. Introduction1

B. The Origins of the Optional Protocol6

C. The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture10

1. Drafting the ECPT10

2. The work of the CPT and some implications for the drafting of OPCAT18

2. Drafting OPCAT owards Deadlock: 1991-200022

A. The Return to the UN and its Consequences22

B. The Principal Points of Agreement Prior to the 2001 Session and Their Place in the Final Text27

C. The Principal Points in Dispute Prior to the 2001 Session31

1. The visiting programme32

2. Restrictions on access to persons in, or to places of, detention35

3. The aftermath of a visit or mission36

4. Reservations37

D. An Assessment of the Overall Situation38

3. The Text of OPCAT39

A. The 2001 Session: New Ideas and New Controversies40

1. The Mexican Draft40

2. The EU proposals43

B. The Chair's Compromise Text: The Optional Protocol and What It Requires of States45

1. The Subcommittee and its visiting mandate48

2. The National Preventive Mechanisms53

3. Conclusion57

C. The 'What' and the 'With What' Questions57

1. The'Concept of prevention'58

2. Standards63

4. The Scope of OPCAT68

A. 'Deprived of liberty'69

B. Public and Private: '... either by virtue of an order given by a public authority or at its instigation or with its consent or acquiescence', Article 4(1)70

C. '... are or may be deprived"/`installations and facilities'73

D. 'any place/all places of detention'73

1. Prisons, police, and pre-trial facilities73

2. Refugee, asylum, and immigration centres74

3. Military detention facilities75

4. Mental health institutions75

5. Care homes, foster homes, older persons, and other places76

E. '... under its jurisdiction or control'77

1. Nationally78

2. Extra-territoriality79

F. Article 14(2) Objection to a Visit by the SPT81

G. Some Core Issues82

1. Different approaches and requirements82

2. Expertise83

3. Coordination85

4. Consistency in standards87

H. Conclusion89

5. The Role of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT)90

A. The Membership of the SPT92

B. The Interpretation of Its Own Mandate and Rules of Procedure95

C. Pillar Ⅰ: Visits to States Parties97

1. Selection of the countries: criteria, types of visits, and frequency97

2. Content of the visit: choosing places of deprivation of liberty to be visited102

3. Preventive approach and visits103

4. Outcomes of a visit: the ongoing dialogue and follow-up105

D. Pillar Ⅱ: work with the NPMs108

1. SPT as adviser to the NPMs111

E. Pillar Ⅲ: Cooperation with Other UN and International and Regional Bodies112

F. Challenges Noted by the SPT112

G. Conclusion113

6. The Role of NPMs115

A. Introduction115

B. Visiting Powers and Mandate117

C. Independence119

1. Factors within the control of the State120

2. Factors within the control of the NPM itself124

D. Accountability and the Relationship with the SPT128

E. NPMs Should Ensure States Comply with the UNCAT and Other Relevant Legal Standards132

F. As a Forerunner to SPT Visits; Continuation of CPT Nationally; as a Small SPT on the Ground133

G. Have Expertise134

H. Large Expectations and Role Not Always Clear136

I. Additional Factors for an Effective NPM136

J. Conclusion137

7. OPCAT within the Broader UN and Regional Systems139

A. OPCAT and the Convention Against Torture139

B. Engagement with Other UN Bodies143

C. Engagement with Regional and Other Bodies146

D. Some Common Issues155

1. Confidentiality155

2. Standards/norms156

3. The need for consistency in engagement with NPMs157

E. Conclusion: The Need for Systematic and Strategic Engagement159

8. Regional Trends towards Ratification and Implementation of OPCAT162

A. Reasons For and Against Ratification162

B. The Added Value of Being Parties to OPCAT168

C. Trends in the Choices for NPMs170

D. Some Concluding Thoughts172

9. Conclusion: Emerging Trends and the Future of OPCAT174

A. Expansion of Membership of OPCAT175

B. Expertise on OPCAT176

C. A 'System' of Prevention Through Visits177

D. Budget and Financial Resources178

E. Standards and Accommodating Regional Differences179

F. Influence and Lessons for Other Treaties180

G. Conclusion183

Appendices184

Appendix Ⅰ: Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment184

Appendix Ⅱ: Rules of Procedure of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment195

Appendix Ⅲ: Guidelines of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in relation to Visits to States Parties205

Appendix Ⅳ: Preliminary Guidelines for the Ongoing Development of National Preventive Mechanisms212

Appendix Ⅴ: Guidelines on National Preventive Mechanisms214

Appendix Ⅵ: The approach of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture to the concept of prevention of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment218

Appendix Ⅶ: Members of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) as at January 2011222

Appendix Ⅷ: Chronology of States Visited by the SPT223

Bibliography224

Index237