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General Introduction1

Part Ⅰ The Legal Concept of (Dual) Nationality11

Ⅰ General Observations on (Dual) Nationality and its Role in Municipal and International Law11

1. Nationality and Citizenship: Their Historical Roots11

2. Terminological Observations in Respect of Nationality and Citizenship19

3. The Role of Nationality in Different Fields of Law25

4. The Function of Nationality under Municipal and International Law30

5. Nationality Under International Law35

5.1. State Autonomy and Nationality as a Human Right35

5.2. Limitations Imposed by International Law on State Autonomy in Nationality Law41

6. Why a Study on Dual Nationality?47

7. Attitudes Towards Multiple Nationality: Rejection or Embrace?58

8. Transnationalism, Postnationalism and European Citizenship64

9. Does Multiple Nationality Cause Legal Problems?74

10. Multiple Nationality under International Law: State Practice85

11. Nationality Law in Europe: The Council of Europe and the European Union89

11.1. The 1963 Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and the 1997 European Convention on Nationality90

11.2 Nationality and the European Union: Case C-369/90 Micheletti [1992]95

Concluding Remarks111

Ⅱ The Role of Dual Nationality in Private International Law and EU Law: The Intra-EU Context115

1. Introduction115

2. Connecting Factors in Private International Law: Nationality Versus Domicile/Habitual Residence116

3. Solutions to a 'Conflict of Nationalities' in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain120

4. Dual Nationals and their Surnames127

4.1. Case C-148/02 Garcia Avello [2003]128

4.2. Remarks on the (Potential) Impact of Garcia Avello130

5. Garcia Avello and the Related Cases Micheletti, Mesbah, Konstantinidis and Grunkin-Paul133

5.1. Case C-179/98 Mesbah [1999]134

5.2. Case C-168/91 Konstantinidis [1993]136

5.3. Case C-353/06 Grunkin-Paul [2008]138

6. Is There a Need for Uniform European Conflict and Recognition Rules in the Field of Civil Status?143

6.1. The Principle of Non-Discrimination on the Grounds of Nationality, Fundamental Human Rights and the Principle of Mutual Recognition146

7. Consequences of Garcia Avello for National Rules Governing Surnames149

8. Garcia Avello and Other Cases on European Citizenship150

9. Dual Nationality and the Brussels IIbis Regulation:Case C-168/08 Hadadi [2009]153

Concluding Remarks156

Concluding Remarks: Part Ⅰ162

Part Ⅱ Country Reports on Dual Nationality: The Extra-EU Context166

Introductory Remarks on the Country Reports166

Ⅲ France169

1. Introduction169

2. Historical Overview: How ius soli became 'The Heart of French Nationality Law'172

3. Nationality Law during the Great War (1914-1918):The Fear of the German Delbriick Law177

4. French Nationality Law after the Second World War181

5. Equality of the Sexes in French Nationality Law183

6. Questions of Nationality Law Relating to the Decolonization Process184

6.1. The Law of 28 July 1960 and the 'Recognition' Procedure188

7. The Algerian Question and the Controversy Surrounding ius soli190

7.1. Unilateral Action by France: The Ordinance of 21 July 1962 and the Predominance of Personal Status over Origin195

8. The 1980s and 90s: Attacks on the French ius soli Tradition200

9. Concluding Remarks203

Ⅳ The Netherlands205

1. Introduction205

2. The Dutch Nationality Act of 1892 (Wet op het Nederlanderschap en het ingezetenschap 1892)208

3. Decolonization: The Independence of Indonesia and Surinam212

3.1. The Nationality Status of the Native Population of the Dutch East Indies during Colonization and the Nationality Arrangements after Decolonization212

3.2. The Nationality Status of the Native Population of Surinam during Colonization and the Nationality Arrangements after Decolonization216

4. The Equality of the Sexes in Dutch Nationality Law219

5. The Dutch Nationality Act of 1985223

6. The Fall of Multiculturalism and the Continuing Debate on the Renunciation Requirement227

7. Dutch Emigrants and Dual Nationality under the 1985 Act231

8. Modifications to Dutch Nationality Law by the 2003 Act234

8.1. Developments after 2003: More Proposals, Amendments and Controversies235

9. Concluding Remarks245

Ⅴ Italy249

1. Introduction249

2. The 19th Century: The Formation of the Italian Nation-State and the 'Great Migration'252

2.1. The 'Great Migration (1880-1930)253

3. The Influence of Emigration on Italian Nationality and Migration Law256

4. Law 555/1912: A Response to the 'Great Migration261

5. The 1970s and 80s: Gender Equality in Italian Nationality Law264

6. The Favourable Attitude towards Italian Co-Ethnics: Laws 91/1992, 379/2000, 124/2006 and 459/2001266

6.1. Law 91/1992: Towards a Further 'Ethnicization of Italian Nationality Law267

6.2. Laws 379/2000 and 124/2006273

6.3. Law 459/2001: Voting Rights for Italians Resident Abroad274

7. Attempts to Reform Italian Nationality Law to the Benefit of Non-Privileged Immigrants275

8. Concluding Remarks278

Ⅵ Spain281

1. Introduction281

2. The Spanish Phenomenon of Dual Nationality283

3. The Background of the Treaties on Dual Nationality285

3.1. The Content of the Treaties on Dual Nationality289

4. The Spanish Constitution of 1978291

5. Differences Between the Conventional and the Legal Routes to Dual Nationality (via convencional/via legal)294

6. The Additional Protocols to the Dual Nationality Treaties296

7. Particularities Concerning the Spanish-Guatemalan Treaty297

8. Interlude: The Italian-Argentinean Treaty on Dual Nationality and the Bilateral Treaties Concluded between Portugal and Some of its Former Colonies298

8.1. Italian Academic Reactions to the Dual Nationality Treaty299

8.2. Italy's Current Approach to Dual Nationality and the Additional Protocol to the Italian-Argentinean Dual Nationality Treaty301

8.3. Bilateral Treaties Concluded between Portugal and Some of its Former Colonies303

9. Case C-369/90 Micheletti [1992]305

10. Developments in Spanish Nationality Law after the Enactment of the 1978 Constitution: Modification of Spanish Nationality Law by Law 51/1982311

11. Modification of Spanish Nationality Law by Law 18/1990315

11.1. The Future of the Dual Nationality Treaties317

12. Modification of Spanish Nationality Law by Law 36/2002317

12.1. The Objective of Law 36/2002: To Repair the Injustice Suffered by Spanish Emigrants319

13. Law 52/2007 and Option Rights to Spanish Nationality321

14. Concluding Remarks323

General Conclusions325

Bibliography339

Index363