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1 THE SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY1

Part One The Major Constituents of Cells9

2 THE CARBOHYDRATES.Ⅰ9

Monosaccharides9

3 THE CARBOHYDRATES.Ⅱ40

Oligosaccharides40

Polysaccharides43

4 THE LIPIDS57

5 THE PROTEINS.Ⅰ87

Amino Acids88

Peptides107

6 THE PROTEINS.Ⅱ116

Physical and Chemical Properties118

Purity and Purification134

7 THE PROTEINS.Ⅲ138

Amino Acid Sequences and Conformation138

8 THE PROTEINS.Ⅳ166

Hemoproteins and Porphyrins166

9 NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOPROTEINS181

Part Two Catalysis208

10 ENZYMES.Ⅰ208

Nature and Classification208

11 ENZYMES.Ⅱ223

Kinetics224

Inhibition236

Metabolic Inhibitors240

Control of Enzymic Activity242

12 ENZYMES.Ⅲ247

Specificity of Enzymes247

Nature of Active Enzymic Sites252

Mechanism of Enzymic Action258

Part Three Metabolism275

13 INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM275

Regulatory Mechanisms276

Experimental Approaches to the Study of Metabolism280

14 GENERAL METABOLISM291

Energy Considerations291

15 BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS.Ⅰ302

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions304

High Energy Phosphate Compounds314

16 BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS.Ⅱ321

Citric Acid Cycle325

The Mitochondrion335

Electron Transport335

Oxidative Phosphorylation343

17 BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS.Ⅲ355

Oxidative Enzymes，Coenzymes，and Carriers355

18 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM.Ⅰ386

Digestion and Absorption386

Glycolysis392

Anaplerosis407

Reversal of Glycolysis409

The Phosphogluconate Oxidative Pathway415

19 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM.Ⅱ422

Hexose Interconversions422

Polysaccharides431

Glycogen Metabolism and the Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism436

20 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM.Ⅲ453

Photosynthesis453

21 LIPID METABOLISM.Ⅰ470

Digestion and Absorption470

Blood Lipids and Lipemia475

Body Lipids476

Oxidation of Fatty Acids479

Synthesis of Fatty Acids484

Fatty Acid Interconversions492

Synthesis of Triglycerides496

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism497

22 LIPID METABOLISM.Ⅱ507

Phospholipids507

Sphingolipids514

Sterol Metabolism and Its Control516

Disturbances of Lipid Metabolism525

23 AMINO ACID METABOLISM.Ⅰ531

Digestion of Protein531

Absorption of Amino Acids534

Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen535

General Aspects of Amino Acid Synthesis538

Essential Amino Acids540

Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids541

Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism554

24 AMINO ACID METABOLISM.Ⅱ563

Synthesis of Essential Amino Acids563

25 AMINO ACID METABOLISM.Ⅲ578

Synthesis of Peptides and Amides578

Transamidination581

Transmethylation582

Porphyrin Synthesis584

Amino Acid Decarboxylation585

Polyamine Synthesis591

26 AMINO ACID METABOLISM.Ⅳ594

Glycogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids594

Metabolic Fates of Individual Amino Acids595

27 METABOLISM OF PURINES，PYRIMIDINES AND NUCLEOTIDES619

28 GENETIC ASPECTS OF METABOLISM.Ⅰ645

Nature of the Gene645

DNA Synthesis649

Relation of DNA Sequence to Protein Sequence and Structure656

29 GENETIC ASPECTS OF METABOLISM.Ⅱ661

The Gene and Protein Synthesis661

Other Aspects of RNA Synthesis671

The Amino Acid Code673

Control of Protein Synthesis683

30 GENETIC ASPECTS OF METABOLISM.Ⅲ688

Genetic Variation of Protein Structure688

Evolution of Proteins694

Hereditary Disorders of Metabolism699

Part Four Body Fluids and Specialized Tissues705

31 BLOOD705

Composition of Blood Plasma705

Plasma Proteins707

Blood Clotting724

Erythrocyte and Iron Metabolism734

Leukocyte Composition and Metabolism753

32 CHEMISTRY OF RESPIRATION758

33 REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTE，WATER，AND ACID-BASE BALANCE777

Fluid Compartments and Composition777

Active Transport Processes780

Control of Extracellular Fluid784

Metabolism of Cellular Electrolytes800

34 SPECIALIZED EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS806

35 RENAL FUNCTION AND THE COMPOSITION OF URINE828

36 MUSCLE848

37 NERVOUS TISSUE858

38 CONNECTIVE TISSUE871

39 BONE； CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM887

40 THE EYE898

41 CELL WALLS OF PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS908

Part Five Biochemistry of the Endocrine Glands917

42 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS917

43 THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS922

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine922

Calcitonin932

Parathormone932

44 THE GONADS937

Androgens937

Estrogens944

45 THE ADRENALS953

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine953

Adrenal Cortical Hormones958

46 THE PANCREAS973

Insulin973

Glucagon977

47 THE HYPOPHYSIS980

The Neurohypophysis981

Regulatory Role of the Adenohypophysis985

Control of Secretion of the Adenohypophysis985

Thyrotropin986

Adrenocorticotropin989

Gonadotropins992

Somatotropin995

The Sexual Cycle998

Part Six Nutrition1002

48 THE MAJOR NUTRIENTS1002

49 THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS1018

50 THE LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS1048

Index1065