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1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE1

What is Jurisprudence?1

The Relevance of Jurisprudence2

Acquiring Social Knowledge5

Normative Character of Law11

"Ought" and "Is"11

Form (or Structure) and Content13

Philosophy of Law?13

The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence14

Jurisprudence Today15

EXTRACTS19

The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence&J. Austin19

Some Jobs for Jurisprudence&W.L. Twining21

Legalism&J. Shklar24

A Treatise of Human Nature&D. Hume28

The Poverty of Historicism&K. Popper28

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions&T.S. Kuhn30

Seven Theories of Human Society&T. Campbell36

2. MEANING OF LAW39

The Nature of Definitions39

"Naming a Thing"39

"Essentialism"40

Analysis of Words or Fact42

Are Definitions Unnecessary?42

Ideological Factors43

Criterion of Validity44

Law and Regularity46

Law and Morals47

Morals as Part of Law49

Law and Value Judgements50

EXTRACTS51

The Case of the Speluncean Explorers&L.L. Fuller51

International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law"&G. Williams64

Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart65

The Nature of Law&R. Wollheim67

The Problem about the Nature of Law&J. Raz69

Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds&P. Soper80

Evaluation and the Description of Law&J. Finnis87

Ethics in the Public Domain&J. Raz88

3. NATURAL LAW89

What is Natural Law?90

The Attractions of Natural Law96

Greek Origins103

Jus Gentium104

Medieval Period105

Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation107

Grotius and International Law110

Natural Law and the Social Contract111

Kant and Human Freedom118

The Enlightenment120

Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries123

Fuller and the Morality of Law124

Hart on Natural Law129

Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law132

Conclusion139

EXTRACTS140

Nicomachean Ethics&Aristotle140

De Re Publica&Cicero140

Institutes&Justinian141

Summa Theologica&Aquinas142

Leviathan&T. Hobbes146

Two Treatises of Government&Locke148

The Social Contract&J.J. Rousseau150

Man and the State&J. Maritain154

Natural Rights&M. MacDonald156

The Morality of Law&L.L. Fuller157

Natural Law and Natural Rights&J.M. Finnis171

The First Moral Principle&J. Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez192

Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural Law&Margaret Mead196

4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL POSITIVISM199

Sovereignty and its Origins199

Bentham and the Utilitarians200

Bentham's "Of Laws in General"203

Austin207

Conclusion220

EXTRACTS221

A Fragment on Government&J. Bentham221

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation&J. Bentham221

Of Laws in General&J. Bentham224

The Province of Jurisprudence Determined&J. Austin242

5. PURE THORY OF LAW255

Normativism256

The Pure Science of Law257

Norms and the Basic Norm258

Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process260

Sanctions261

Critique263

The Basic Norm264

International Law270

The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison271

International Law and Sanctions273

Law and Fact274

Non-legal Norms275

Conclusion276

EXTRACTS276

The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen276

General Theory of Law and State&H. Kelsen282

Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen289

The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen291

The Function of a Constitution&H. Kelsen302

The Purity of the Pure Theory&J. Raz308

Continental Normativism and its British Counterpart: How Different are they?&Stanley L. Paulson318

6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL AND NORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE331

Hart's Concept of Law335

An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence336

The "Internal Aspect" of Law339

The Rule of Recognition342

Is Law A System of Rules?346

Raz and Reasons for Action350

Rights353

The Nature of Rights353

Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights355

The Obligation to Obey the Law358

The Legal Enforcement of Morality362

EXTRACTS367

Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals&H.L.A. Hart367

Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to Professor Hart&L.L. Fuller370

A Defence of Radbruch's Formula&R. Alexy374

Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart391

Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the Rediscovery of Practical Reason&N. MacCormick396

Practical Reason and Norms&J. Raz409

Authority, Law and Morality&J. Raz412

Inclusive Legal Positivism&J. Coleman430

Positivism as Pariah&F. Schauer441

Hart's Methodological Positivism&S. Perry451

How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law&M. Kramer481

A Very British Revolution&Sir Neil MacCormick497

Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning&W.N. Hohfeld510

The Ethics of Legalism&N. MacCormick515

7. THEORIES OF JUSTICE523

Introduction523

Rawls and Distributive Justice523

Nozick: Justice as Entitlement534

Justice as Rights540

Feminism as Justice548

Economic Theories of Law and Justice557

Corrective Justice564

EXTRACTS566

A Theory of Justice&John Rawls566

Political Liberalism&John Rawls577

The Law of Peoples&John Rawls585

Anarchy, State and Utopia&R. Nozick590

A Trump over Utility&Ronald Dworkin593

What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources&R. Dworkin603

Defining Injustice as Domination and Oppression&I.M. Young614

The Faces of Oppression&I.M. Young618

Justice as Fairness: For Whom?&S.M. Okin629

Three Distributive Principles&M. Walzer639

The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization&R. Posner647

8. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW659

Introduction659

Comte and Sociology660

Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer661

Jhering (1818-1892)662

Max Weber (1864-1920)662

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)666

Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922)670

Roscoe Pound (1870-1964)672

Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound678

Lasswell and McDougal679

Talcott Parsons681

Selznick682

Towards a Sociology of Law683

Unger and the Development of Modern Law691

Habermas and the Centrality of Law693

Critical Empiricism697

Autopoiesis and Law700

EXTRACTS703

Law as Means to an End&R. von Jhering703

Economy and Society&M. Weber705

The Division of Labour in Society&E. Durkheim714

Principles of the Sociology of Law&E. Ehrlich717

Philosophy of Law&R. Pound721

Outlines of Jurisprudence&R. Pound723

Contemporary Juristic Theory&R. Pound724

The Sociology of Law&P. Selznick727

Law in Modern Society&R.M. Unger732

Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of Law&A. Hunt737

The Significance of a Concept of Law Not Restricted to State Law&R. Cotterrell744

Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted Sociologically?&R. Cotterell747

Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive Sociology of Law&D. Nelken759

Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life of the Law and Society Movement&D.M. Trubek766

Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research&S. Silbey ＆ A. Sarat774

Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System&N. Luhmann779

A Social Theory of State Law&B. Tamanaha787

Between Facts and Norms: An Author's Reflections&J. Habermas794

9. AMERICAN REALISM799

The "Revolt against Formalism"799

Mr Justice Holmes800

The American Legal System802

The "Realist" Movement in Law802

Factskeptics and Ruleskeptics803

Llewellyn on Institutopns and "LawJobs"805

The Common Law Tradition806

Scientific and Normative Laws810

Realism: An Assessment811

Post Realism813

Jurimetrics813

Judicial Behaviouralism815

Pragmatism in Law817

Legal Process819

EXTRACTS821

The Bad Man Revisited&W. Twining821

Law and the Modern Mind&J. Frank827

Some Realism About Realism&K. Llewellyn830

My Philosophy of Law&K. Llewellyn834

The Common Law Tradition&K. Llewellyn840

The Significance of Realism&W. Twining848

10. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS855

Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939)856

Law as Fact858

Ross's Theory of Law860

The "Verifiability" Principle863

Origin of Law866

"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts866

Features of Law867

Law and Morals868

Legal Ideology - the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare869

Scandinavian and American Realism872

EXTRACTS872

Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals&Axel Hagerstrom872

Law as Fact&K. Olivecrona877

Legal Language and Reality&K. Olivecrona885

Legal Thinking Revised&A.V. Lundstedt888

On Law and Justice&A. Ross890

Directives and Norms&A. Ross893

Tutu&A. Ross899

11. HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE903

The Romantic Reaction903

Herder and Hegel903

The German Historical School904

F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861)905

The Volkgeist - Some Problems906

Legislation and Juristenrecht907

Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888)908

Law and Anthropology910

Dispute Processes916

Legal Pluralism919

EXTRACTS921

System of Modern Roman Law&F.K. von Savigny921

Ancient Law&Sir Henry Maine925

The Law of Primitive Man&E.A. Hoebel928

Judicial Process among the Barotse&M. Gluckman933

Human Interaction and the Law&L.L. Fuller936

The Differing Realms of the Law&Paul Bohannan946

The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom&S. Diamond949

12. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE953

Dialectics, Hegel and Marx954

Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy955

The Materialist Conception of History956

Base and Superstructure958

The Question of Class964

Marx and Ideology965

The State and Law969

Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights972

The "Withering Away" of the State977

Other Marxisms979

Karl Renner979

Antonio Gramsci981

The Frankfurt School982

Pashukanis982

Marxist Theories of Law and State - a Critique986

EXTRACTS990

Philosophy of Right&F.Hegel990

Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right&K. Marx991

Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx992

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels993

The Housing Question&F. Engels994

Karl Marx's Theory of History&G.A. Cohen995

Can the Base be Distinguished from the Superstructure?&S. Lukes999

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels1004

Preface to The Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx1005

Capital&K. Marx1005

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels1013

Whigs and Hunters&E.P.Thompson1013

The Civil War in France&K. Marx1019

Critique of the Gotha Programme&K. Marx1020

Anti-Duhring&F. Engels1021

State and Revolution&V. Lenin 1022

The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions&K. Renner1023

Law and Marxism&E. Pashukanis1031

13. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES1040

Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions1041

Rules and Reasoning1046

Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice1048

Legal Theory and Social Theory1051

Conclusion1055

EXTRACTS1056

Law and Ideology&R.W. Gordon1056

New Developments in Legal Theory&R.W. Gordon1063

The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries&D. Kennedy1067

Reification in Legal Reasoning&P. Gabel1073

Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law&M. Kelman1081

An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine&C. Dalton1093

The Ideological Content of Legal Education&D. Kennedy1104

The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis&R.M. Unger1108

14. FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE1122

Origins1122

The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence1124

Equality and Difference1127

Women and Ideology1129

The Public and the Private|1130

Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights1132

Feminist Legal Methods1134

EXTRACTS1137

The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence: An essay&A.C. Scales1137

Feminism and the Limits of Equality&Patricia A. Cain1149

Jurisprudence and Gender&R. West1157

Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination&C.A. MacKinnon1175

Reconstructing Sexual Equality&C.A. Littleton1184

Feminist Legal Methods&K.T. Bartlett1197

Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning&L.M. Finley1215

The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal Scholarship&N. Lacey1225

Truth, Justice and the Pursuit(s) of Feminism&J. Conaghan1238

Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?&Susan Moller Okin1245

15. POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE1253

Postmodernism and Modernism1253

The Death of the Subject1253

The "Subject" and the Legal System1254

A Political Agenda1257

Postmodern Law: Postmodern State1259

Semiotics and Legal Theory1261

EXTRACTS1264

Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?&J.F. Lyotard1264

Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject&J. Wicke1271

Normativity and the Politics of Form&P. Schlag1283

Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence&J.M. Balkin1292

The Postmodern Transition: Law and Politics&B. de Sousa Santos1308

"A Weil-Founded Fear of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity&C. Douzinas and R. Warrington1316

Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Truth of Propositions of Law&D. Patterson1325

16. CRITICAL RACE THEORY1335

Introduction1335

The Other Movements1337

EXTRACTS1339

Race Consciousness: The Thematic Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical Race Scholarship&R. D. Barnes1339

Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography&R. Delgado and J. Stefancic1342

The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction&A. Harris1343

The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars&Milner S. Ball1350

Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law&Kimberle Crenshaw1351

Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops?&Kevin R. Johnson1367

LatCrit as Liberation Theory&Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol1370

17. THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION1375

The Nature of Legal Sources1375

The Institution of Adjudication1377

Stare Decisis1380

Why Precedent?1387

Judges and Discretion1389

Dworkin and "hard cases"1391

Dworkin and Discretion1393

Dworkin and Interpretation1394

Law as Integrity1396

One Right Answer?1398

Integrity and Legitimacy1399

Right Answers and Wrong Answers1402

Judge-Made Law1403

Judicial Reasoning1406

Statutory Construction1410

Statutory Construction and Democracy1419

EXTRACTS1422

Lectures on Jurisprudence&J. Austin1422

Problems of the Philosophy of Law&H.L.A. Hart1423

Taking Rights Seriously&R. Dworkin1429

Law as Interpretation&R. Dworkin1439

Law's Empire&R. Dworkin1447

Nature of the Judicial Process&B. Cardozo1467

Language and the Law&G. Williams1470

Gods&J. Wisdom1473

Formal Justice and the Form of Legal Arguments&D.N. MacCormick1475

An Introduction to Legal Reasoning&E.H. Levi1478

Social Policy and Judicial Legislation&R. Sartorius1481

The Right Answer Thesis&T. Endicott Dworkin1483

The Arguments Against Legal Principles&L. Alexander and K. Kress1491

Index of Authors1505

Index of Subjects1513