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Chapter One.Introduction1

Part Ⅰ.Outlining the Problem7

Chapter Two.Factual Background7

2.1.Preliminary Considerations7

2.2.The Fastest-growing Transnational Organized Crime Recently Defined in International Law8

2.3.Migrant Smuggling and the Southern Mediterranean:Routes and Conditions12

2.4.Unique Nature14

2.5.Conclusion15

Chapter Three.Pursuing State Interests:The Exercise of Maritime Enforcement Jurisdiction17

3.1.Overview17

3.2.State Interests17

3.3.Interception18

3.3.1.The Exercise of Jurisdiction18

3.3.2.What Amounts to an Exercise of Jurisdiction21

3.3.3.Defining 'Interception'21

3.4.State Sovereignty and Humanitarian Principles of Protection24

3.5.Conclusion26

Chapter Four.Security:Operational and Technical Approaches27

4.1.The Emerging Security Regime27

4.2.Focus on Ports28

4.3.New Challenges and New Approaches29

4.4.The Container Threat30

4.5.Control:Surveillance and Monitoring33

4.5.1.Pushing Borders Further Outwards33

4.5.2.Other Means of Control34

4.5.2.1.Automatic Identification System35

4.5.2.2.Long-range Identification and Tracking System36

4.5.2.3.Ship Security Alert System37

4.5.3.Conclusion39

Part Ⅱ.Tools and Constraints43

Chapter Five.Zonal Jurisdiction43

5.1.Internal Waters43

5.2.Territorial Sea47

5.2.1.The Traditional Framework established in the LOSC47

5.2.2.Focus on Maritime Migrant Smuggling51

5.2.3.The European Dimension54

5.2.4.Conclusion55

5.3.Contiguous Zone56

5.3.1.The Meaning of 'Control'56

5.3.2.State Practice and Protective Jurisdiction59

5.4.High Seas62

5.4.1.Exceptions to Flag State Exclusivity of Jurisdiction63

5.4.1.1.Exceptions in the LOSC63

5.4.1.1.a.Hot Pursuit and Constructive Presence64

5.4.1.l.b.Slavery66

5.4.1.1.c.Stateless vessels67

5.4.1.2.Protective Jurisdiction70

5.4.1.3.Lack of an Effective or Genuine Link72

5.4.1.3.a.Absence of a Definition73

5.4.1.3.b.Consequences of a Lack of a Genuine Link74

5.5.SAR Zones76

Chapter Six.Humanitarian Obligations79

6.1.Preliminary Clarifications and Parameters of Discussion79

6.2.The Impact of the Non-refoulement Obligation82

6.2.1.Geographic Operation of the Principle85

6.2.1.1.Extraterritorial Application?88

6.2.2.Actions which do not amount to refoulement89

6.2.3.Evaluation90

6.3.Human Rights Considerations92

6.4.Rescue at Sea96

6.4.1.Relevant Responsibilities99

6.4.1.1.Masters of Ships99

6.4.1.2.Coastal States101

6.4.1.3.Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCCs)103

6.4.1.4.Flag States105

6.4.2.The lacuna106

6.5.Concluding Observations109

Chapter Seven.Treaty Modifications Demonstrating International Co-Operation111

7.1.Overview111

7.2.Treaty Modifications112

7.2.1.The Smuggling Protocol112

7.2.1.1.The 1997 Italian Proposal113

7.2.1.2.Main Features of the Smuggling Protocol116

7.2.1.3.Smuggling of Migrants by Sea120

7.2.1.4.The Particular Nature of Migrant Smuggling126

7.2.2.The 2004 Amendments128

7.2.2.1.Priorities when Amending the Existing Legal Framework129

7.2.2.2.The Amendments131

7.3.Detailing Cooperation141

7.3.1.Drug Smuggling by Sea141

7.3.1.1.Regional Initiatives142

7.3.1.2.Bilateral Initiatives145

7.3.1.3.The US-Bahamas 2004 Agreement:A Model Shiprider Agreement146

7.3.1.4.Analysis150

7.3.1.4.a.Entry into the Territorial Sea150

7.3.1.4.b.Operations Seaward of the Territorial Sea151

7.3.2.Acts of Maritime Terrorism153

7.3.3.Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safely of Maritime Navigation154

7.4.Common Elements158

7.5.Conclusion159

Part Ⅲ.State Practice163

Chapter Eight.State Practice163

8.1.Australia164

8.1.1.Background164

8.1.2.The Development of a Border Control Strategy165

8.1.3.Key Legislation165

8.1.4.The Arrival of the MV Tampa166

8.1.5.The 2001 Legislative Package-Interception and Excision Perfected172

8.1.5.1.Interception and the Border Protection (Validation and Enforcement Powers) Act 2001172

8.1.5.2.Excision of the External Territories-the Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 (Excision Act)179

8.1.5.3.Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001181

8.1.6.Interception Illustrated:Operation Relex183

8.1.7.Recent measures187

8.1.8.Conclusion189

8.2.United States190

8.3.European Union200

8.3.1.EU Law and Policy on Asylum and Immigration200

8.3.2.Focus on Illegal Immigration202

8.3.3.Border Control203

8.3.4.Focus on Maritime Borders205

8.3.5.Sea Border Patrols212

8.3.6.Recent Initiatives217

8.3.7.EU Practice as compared with Australian and US Action221

8.4.General Appraisal of State Practice222

Chapter Nine.Conclusion225

9.1.A Workable Regime225

9.2.The Way Forward227

Bibliography229

Index247