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PART Ⅰ GREEEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING IN THE MOVEMENT TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY1

1 Green Chemistry and Engineering in the Context of Sustainability3

1.1 Why Green Chemistry?3

1.2 Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and Sustainability6

1.3 Until Death Do Us Part: A Marriage of Disciplines13

Problems15

References15

2 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Principles17

2.1 Green Chemistry Principles17

2.2 Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles26

2.3 Twelve Principles of Green Engineering28

2.4 The San Destin Declaration: Principles of Green Engineering31

2.5 Simplifying the Principles34

Problems38

References39

3 Starting with the Basics: Integrating Environment, Health,and Safety41

3.1 Environmental Issues of Importance42

3.2 Health Issues of Importance54

3.3 Safety Issues of Importance62

3.4 Hazard and Risk68

3.5 Integrated Perspective on Environment, Health, and Safety70

Problems70

References73

4 How Do We Know It's Green? A Metrics Primer77

4.1 General Considerations About Green Chemistry and Engineering Metrics77

4.2 Chemistry Metrics79

4.3 Process Metrics89

4.4 Cost Implications and Green Chemistry Metrics101

4.5 A Final Word on Green Metrics101

Problems102

References103

PART Ⅱ THE BEGINNING: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER CHEMICAL SYNTHESES107

5 Route and Chemistry Selection109

5.1 The Challenge of Synthetic Chemistry109

5.2 Making Molecules110

5.3 Using Different Chemistries119

5.4 Route Strategy122

5.5 Protection-Deprotection124

5.6 Going from a Route to a Process126

Problems127

References130

6 Material Selection: Solvents, Catalysts, and Reagents133

6.1 Solvents and Solvent Selection Strategies133

6.2 Catalysts and Catalyst Selection Strategies154

6.3 Other Reagents168

Problems168

References173

7 Reaction Conditions and Green Chemistry175

7.1 Stoichiometry176

7.2 Design of Experiments178

7.3 Temperature180

7.4 Solvent Use182

7.5 Solvents and Energy Use184

7.6 Reaction and Processing Time187

7.7 Order and Rate of Reagent Addition188

7.8 Mixing189

Appendix 7.1: Common Practices in Batch Chemical Processing and Their Green Chemistry Impacts191

Problems196

References200

8 Bioprocesses203

8.1 How Biotechnology Has Been Used203

8.2 Are Bioprocesses Green?204

8.3 What Is Involved in Bioprocessing205

8.4 Examples of Products Obtained from Bioprocessing216

Problems226

References232

PART Ⅲ FROM THE FLASK TO THE PLANT: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER, MORE SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES233

9 Mass and Energy Balances235

9.1 Why We Need Mass Balances, Energy Balances, and Process Flow Diagrams236

9.2 Types of Processes237

9.3 Process Flow Diagams238

9.4 Mass Balances241

9.5 Energy Balances250

9.6 Measuring Greenness of a Process Through Energy and Mass Balances261

Problems265

References272

10 The Scale-up Effect273

10.1 The Scale-up Problem273

10.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up276

10.3 Scale-up Tools283

10.4 Numbering-up vs. Scaling-up289

Problems290

References293

11 Reactors and Separations295

11.1 Reactors and Separations in Green Engineering296

11.2 Reactors296

11.3 Separations and Other Unit Operations307

11.4 Batch vs. Continuous Processes321

11.5 Does Size Matter?323

Problems323

References327

12 Process Synthesis331

12.1 Process Synthesis Background331

12.2 Process Synthesis Approaches and Green Engineering333

12.3 Evolutionary Techniques334

12.4 Heuristics Methods343

12.5 Hierarchical Decomposition346

12.6 Superstructure and Multiobjective Optimization349

12.7 Synthesis of Subsystems354

Problems355

References359

13 Mass and Energy Integration363

13.1 Process Integration: Synthesis, Analysis,and Optimization363

13.2 Energy Integration365

13.3 Mass Integration373

Problems381

References388

14 Inherent Safety391

14.1 Inherent Safety vs. Traditional Process Safety391

14.2 Inherent Safety and Inherently Safer Design394

14.3 Inherent Safety in Route Strategy and Process Design398

14.4 Conclusions on Inherent Safety406

Problems406

References411

15 Process Intensification413

15.1 Process Intensification Background413

15.2 Process Intensification Technologies416

15.3 Process Intensification Techniques435

15.4 Perspectives on Process Intensification437

Problems437

References442

PART IV EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES447

16 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Concepts449

16.1 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Background450

16.2 LCI/A Methodology452

16.3 Interpretation: Making Decisions with LCI/A473

16.4 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment481

Problems484

References488

17 Impacts of Materials and Procurement493

17.1 Life Cycle Management493

17.2 Where Chemical Trees and Supply Chains Come From495

17.3 Green (Sustainable) Procurement500

17.4 Transportation Impacts511

Problems515

References517

18 Impacts of Energy Requirements519

18.1 Where Energy Comes From519

18.2 Environmental Life Cycle Emissions and Impacts of Energy Generation525

18.3 From Emissions to Impacts537

18.4 Energy Requirements for Waste Treatment540

Problems540

References542

19 Impacts of Waste and Waste Treatment545

19.1 Environmental Fate and Effects Data546

19.2 Environmental Fate Information: Physical Properties550

19.3 Environmental Fate Information: Transformation and Depletion Mechanisms557

19.4 Environmental Effects Information559

19.5 Environmental Risk Assessment562

19.6 Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Waste Treatment565

Problems574

References576

20 Total Cost Assessment579

20.1 Total Cost Assessment Background579

20.2 Importance of Total Cost Assessment580

20.3 Relationship Between Life Cycle Inventory/Assessment and Total Cost Assessment582

20.4 Timing of a Total Cost Assessment583

20.5 Total Cost Assessment Methodology583

20.6 Total Cost Assessment in a Green Chemistry Context589

Problems594

References597

PART Ⅴ WHAT LIES AHEAD599

21 Emerging Materials601

21.1 Emerging Materials Development601

21.2 Nanomaterials602

21.3 Bioplastics and Biopolymers605

21.4 About New Green Materials609

Problems609

References611

22 Renewable Resources613

22.1 Why We Need Renewable Resources613

22.2 Renewable Materials616

22.3 The Biorefinery621

22.4 Renewable Energy625

Problems630

References632

23 Evaluating Technologies635

23.1 Why We Need to Evaluate Technologies and Processes Comprehensively635

23.2 Comparing Technologies and Processes636

23.3 One Way to Compare Technologies637

23.4 Trade-Offs644

23.5 Advantages and Limitations of Comparing Technologies645

Problems646

References649

24 Industrial Ecology651

24.1 Industrial Ecology Background652

24.2 Principles and Concepts of Industrial Ecology and Design655

24.3 Industrial Ecology and Design657

24.4 Industrial Ecology in Practice663

Problems665

References666

25 Tying It All Together: Is Sustainability Possible?669

25.1 Can Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Enable Sustainability?670

25.2 Sustainability: Culture and Policy671

25.3 Influencing Sustainability672

25.4 Moving to Action674

Problems674

References675

INDEX677