THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CLINICALLY ORIENTED EMBRYOLOGY 9TH EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction to the Developing Human1

Developmental Periods1

Significance of Embryology5

Historical Gleanings6

Ancient Views of Human Embryology6

Embryology in the Middle Ages6

The Renaissance7

Genetics and Human Development8

Molecular Biology of Human Development10

Descriptive Terms in Embryology10

Clinically Oriented Problems10

2 First Week of Human Development13

Gametogenesis14

Meiosis14

Spermatogenesis14

Oogenesis19

Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes19

Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes19

Comparison of Gametes （Sex Cells）19

Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries19

Uterus19

Uterine Tubes20

Ovaries20

Female Reproductive Cycles20

Ovarian Cycle23

Follicular Development23

Ovulation24

Corpus Luteum25

Menstrual Cycle26

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle26

Transportation of Gametes27

Oocyte Transport27

Sperm Transport27

Maturation of Sperms28

Viability of Gametes29

Fertilization30

Phases of Fertilization30

Fertilization31

Cleavage of Zygote32

Formation of Blastocyst35

Summary of First Week37

Clinically Oriented Problems38

3 Second Week of Human Development41

Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst41

Formation of Amniotic Cavity, EmbryonicDisc, and Umbilical Vesicle43

Development of Chorionic Sac44

Implantation Sites of Blastocysts48

Summary of Implantation48

Summary of Second Week51

Clinically Oriented Problems51

4 Third Week of Human Development53

Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers54

Primitive Streak54

Fate of Primitive Streak56

Notochordal Process and Notochord57

Allantois58

Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube61

Neural Plate and Neural Tube61

Neural Crest Formation61

Development of Somites63

Development of Intraembonic Coelom64

Early Development of Cardiovascular System64

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis64

Primordial Cardiovascular System64

Development of Chorionic Villi65

Summary of Third Week66

Clinically Oriented Problems69

5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development71

Phases of Embryonic Development71

Folding of Embryo72

Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane72

Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane72

Germ Layer Derivatives72

Control of Embryonic Development74

Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks76

Fourth Week76

Fifth Week77

Sixth Week77

Seventh Week80

Eighth Week86

Estimation of Embryonic Age89

Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks89

Clinically Oriented Problems90

6 Ninth Week to Birth: The Fetal Period93

Estimation of Fetal Age95

Trimesters of Pregnancy95

Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses95

Highlights of Fetal Period96

Nine to Twelve Weeks96

Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks97

Seventeen to Twenty Weeks98

Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks98

Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks99

Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks99

Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks99

Expected Date of Delivery101

Factors Influencing Fetal Growth101

Cigarette Smoking101

Multiple Pregnancy101

Alcohol and Illicit Drugs101

Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow102

Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation102

Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status102

Ultrasonography102

Diagnostic Amniocentesis102

Alpha- Fetoprotein Assay103

Spectrophotometric Studies103

Chorionic Villus Sampling104

Sex Chromatin Patterns104

Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis104

Fetal Transfusion104

Fetoscopy105

Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling105

Magnetic Resonance Imaging105

Fetal Monitoring105

Summary of Fetal Period105

Clinically Oriented Problems106

7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes109

Placenta109

Decidua110

Development of Placenta110

Placental Circulation113

Placental Membrane114

Functions of Placenta116

Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion119

Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure120

Uterine Growth during Pregnancy121

Parturition121

Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth123

Maternal Surface of Placenta123

Fetal Surface of Placenta123

Umbilical Cord126

Amnion and Amniotic Fluid127

Umbilical Vesicle132

Significance of Umbilical Vesicle132

Fate of Umbilical Vesicle132

Allantois132

Multiple Pregnancies133

Twins and Fetal Membranes133

Dizygotic Twins134

Monozygotic Twins134

Other Types of Multiple Births138

Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes141

Clinically Oriented Problems142

8 Body Cavities and Diaphragm145

Embryonic Body Cavity145

Mesenteries148

Division of Embryonic Body Cavity149

Development of the Diaphragm151

Septum Transversum151

Pleuroperitoneal Membranes151

Dorsal Mesentery of the Esophagus152

Muscular Ingrowth from the Lateral Body Walls152

Positional Changes and Innervation of the Diaphragm152

Summary of Development of the Body Cavities and Diaphragm157

Clinically Oriented Problems157

9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck159

Pharyngeal Arches159

Pharyngeal Arch Components161

Pharyngeal Pouches162

Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches166

Pharyngeal Grooves169

Pharyngeal Membranes169

Development of Thyroid Gland173

Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland174

Development of Tongue176

Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds177

Nerve Supply of Tongue177

Development of Salivary Glands179

Development of Face179

Summary of Facial Development186

Development of Nasal Cavities186

Paranasal Sinuses187

Development of Palate188

Primary Palate188

Secondary Palate188

Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck196

Clinically Oriented Problems197

10 Respiratory System199

Respiratory Primordium199

Development of Larynx200

Development of Trachea202

Development of Bronchi and Lungs204

Maturation of Lungs206

Summary of Respiratory System210

Clinically Oriented Problems210

11 Alimentary System213

Foregut214

Development of Esophagus214

Development of Stomach215

Omental Bursa215

Development of Duodenum219

Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus221

Development of Pancreas223

Development of Spleen225

Midgut227

Herniation of Midgut Loop227

Rotation of Midgut Loop227

Retraction of Intestinal Loops227

Cecum and Appendix230

Hindgut238

Cloaca238

Anal Canal240

Summary of Alimentary System243

Clinically Oriented Problems243

12 Urogenital System245

Development of Urinary System247

Development of Kidneys and Ureters247

Development of Urinary Bladder259

Development of Urethra264

Development of Suprarenal Glands264

Development of Genital System265

Development of Gonads265

Development of Genital Ducts269

Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands269

Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands271

Development of Vagina271

Development of External Genitalia273

Development of Male External Genitalia273

Development of Female External Genitalia275

Development of Inguinal Canals282

Relocation of Testes and Ovaries284

Testicular Descent284

Ovarian Descent284

Summary of Urogenital System285

Clinically Oriented Problems286

13 Cardiovascular System289

Early Development of the Heart and Blood Vessels290

Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart290

Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries295

Later Development of the Heart295

Circulation through the Primordial Heart298

Partitioning of Primordial Heart300

Changes in Sinus Venosus304

Conducting System of Heart312

Birth Defects of the Heart and Great Vessels313

Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries324

Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries324

Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries324

Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries325

Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries325

Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries325

Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries327

Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects327

Fetal and Neonatal Circulation333

Fetal Circulation333

Transitional Neonatal Circulation333

Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures337

Development of Lymphatic System339

Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts339

Development of Thoracic Duct340

Development of Lymph Nodes340

Development of Lymphocytes340

Development of Spleen and Tonsils340

Summary of Cardiovascular System340

Clinically Oriented Problems341

14 Skeletal System343

Development of Bone and Cartilage343

Histogenesis of Cartilage345

Histogenesis of Bone345

Membranous Ossification345

Enclochondral Ossification346

Development of Joints346

Fibrous Joints346

Cartilaginous Joints348

Synovial Joints348

Development of Axial Skeleton348

Development of Vertebral Column348

Development of Ribs350

Development of Sternum351

Development of Cranium351

Cranium of Neonate351

Postnatal Growth of Cranium352

Development of Appendicular Skeleton357

Summary of Skeletal System360

Clinically Oriented Problems360

15 Muscular System363

Development of Skeletal Muscle363

Myotomes365

Pharyngeal Arch Muscles366

Ocular Muscles366

Tongue Muscles366

Limb Muscles366

Development of Smooth Muscle366

Development of Cardiac Muscle367

Summary of Muscular System369

Clinically Oriented Problems369

16 Development of Limbs371

Early Stages of Limb Development371

Final Stages of Limb Development375

Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs375

Blood Supply of Limbs380

Birth Defects of Limbs382

Summary of Limb Development386

Clinically Oriented Problems386

17 Nervous System389

Development of Nervous System389

Development of Spinal Cord392

Development of Spinal Ganglia394

Development of Meninges394

Positional Changes of Spinal Cord395

Myelination of Nerve Fibers398

Birth Defects of Spinal Cord398

Development of Brain404

Brain Flexures404

Hindbrain404

Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid406

Midbrain407

Forebrain408

Birth Defects of Brain414

Development of Peripheral Nervous System423

Spinal Nerves423

Cranial Nerves424

Development of Autonomic Nervous System425

Sympathetic Nervous System425

Parasympathetic Nervous System426

Summary of Nervous System426

Clinically Oriented Problems426

18 Development of Eyes and Ears429

Development of Eyes and Related Structures429

Development of Retina431

Development of Ciliary Body435

Development of Iris435

Development of Lens437

Development of Aqueous Chambers438

Development of Cornea440

Development of Choroid and Sclera440

Development of Eyelids440

Development of Lacrimal Glands441

Development of Ears441

Development of Internal Ear441

Development of Middle Ear443

Development of External Ear444

Summary of Development of Eyes448

Summary of Development of Ears448

Clinically Oriented Problems448

19 Integumentary System451

Development of Skin andAppendages451

Epidermis452

Dermis454

Development of Glands454

Development of Hairs459

Development of Nails460

Development of Teeth460

Summary of Integumentary System468

Clinically Oriented Problems468

20 Human Birth Defects471

Classification of Birth Defects471

Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development472

Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors472

Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities473

Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities481

Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes484

Developmental Signaling Pathways486

Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors487

Principles of Teratogenesis487

Critical Periods of Human Development487

Human Teratogens491

Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance499

Summary of Human Birth Defects499

Clinically Oriented Problems500

21 Common Signaling Pathways UsedDuring Development503

Intercellular Communication504

Gap Junctions504

Cell Adhesion Molecules505

Morphogens506

Retinoic Acid506

Transforming Growth Factor β/Bone Morphogenetic Protein506

Hedgehog507

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway507

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases509

Common Features509

Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases510

Notch-Delta Pathway510

Transcription Factors511

Hox/Homeobox Proteins511

Pax Genes511

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors512

Epigenetics512

Histone Acetylation512

DNA Methylation512

Stem Cells: Differentiation versus Pluripotency513

Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used Durinq Development514

Appendix516

Index526