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Chapter 1 Introduction1

Ⅰ. The Idea in Focus: The 'Borderless' Internet - From the Illusion of a 'No Man's Land' to the Reality of an 'Every Man's Land'2

Ⅱ. The Substantive Focus3

A. Issues4

1. Jurisdiction5

2. Declining Jurisdiction8

3. Choice of Law9

4. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments10

B. Areas of Law11

1. Contracts11

2. Consumer Contracts12

3. The Tort of Defamation12

4. The Relationship between Contracts and Torts14

Ⅲ. The Jurisdictional Focus14

A. Australia15

B. England15

C. Germany15

D. Hong Kong SAR16

E. Sweden16

F. The People's Republic of China (PRC)16

G. The United States of America (US)18

H. The Chosen Mix of States19

Ⅳ. Comments on the Terminology19

A. Private International Law, Conflict of Laws or Jurisdictional Issues?20

B. IT Law, Cyberspace Law or Internet Law21

C. The Relevant Actors22

D. Servers23

Chapter 2 Approaching the Internet25

Ⅰ. The Internet's Characteristics29

A. Borderlessness30

B. Geographical Independence31

C. Limited Language Dependence34

D. One-to-Many34

E. Low Threshold Information Distribution35

F. Widely Used36

G. Portability37

H. Lack of Reliable Geographical Identifiers39

I. Reactive Nature40

J. Lack of Central Control43

K. Convergence44

Ⅱ. Consequences of the Characteristics of Internet Communication45

A. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in General46

B. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in Contracts49

C. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in the Tort of Defamation49

Ⅲ. Concluding Observations53

Chapter 3 Approaching Private International Law55

Ⅰ. Unilateralism and Multilateralism56

Ⅱ. Desirable Qualities of Private International Law Rules58

A. Legitimate Party Expectations64

1. The Relation between Predictability and Flexibility66

2. Contracts68

3. Defamation73

B. Policy Fulfilment74

C. Efficiency78

D. Simplicity78

E. Suitable Level of Generalization79

F. Abuse-Resistance80

G. Non-Violation of Public International Law81

1. The Statute of the International Court of Justice83

2. International Customs84

H. Forum-Neutral Language90

Ⅲ. Concluding Observations90

Chapter 4 Traditional Common Law: Australia, England and Hong Kong SAR91

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction92

A. Contracts98

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection99

B. Defamation101

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction108

A. Forum Non Conveniens108

B. Lis Alibi Pendens121

C. Ineffectiveness122

Ⅲ. Choice of Law122

A. Contracts123

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law124

B. Defamation125

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement130

Chapter 5 The United States of America133

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction133

A. Contracts142

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection145

B. Defamation145

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction151

A. Forum Non Conveniens151

B. Lis Alibi Pendens153

Ⅲ. Choice of Law153

A. Contracts154

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law155

B. Defamation156

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement157

Chapter 6 European Civil Law: Germany and Sweden161

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction162

A. Contracts166

1. Limits on Forum Selection168

B. Defamation170

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction173

A. Forum Non Conveniens173

B. Lis Alibi Pendens174

C. Ineffectiveness175

Ⅲ. Choice of Law175

A. Contracts176

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law178

B. Defamation178

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement180

Chapter 7 The People's Republic of China183

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction184

A. Definition of Shewai Cases186

B. Contracts187

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection188

C. Defamation193

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction196

Ⅲ. Choice of Law197

A. Contracts199

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law201

B. Defamation202

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement205

Chapter 8 International Instruments209

Ⅰ. The Relevant European Instruments209

A. Brussels Ⅰ Regulation210

B. Brussels Convention/Lugano Convention215

C. Rome Convention/Rome Ⅰ Regulation218

D. Rome Ⅱ Regulation225

E. Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts228

F. E-commerce Directive230

Ⅱ. The Relevant Hague Conventions231

A. The Hague Convention 1955231

B. The Previously Proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters232

1. An Overview233

2. The Relevant Provisions234

3. Some Words about the Negotiations Process234

4. The Future of the 'Judgments Project'235

C. The Hague Convention 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements235

Ⅲ. Other International Instruments of Relevance240

A. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980241

B. New York Convention 1958242

C. Charter of the United Nations242

D. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)249

1. Alpert's ICCPR Challenge to Australian Jurisdiction250

2. Exhaustion251

3. Jurisdiction252

4. Substantive Dispute253

5. Concluding Remarks254

Chapter 9 A Critique of Current Rules of Private International Law257

Ⅰ. Rules of Jurisdiction258

A. Uninteresting and Uncontroversial Jurisdictional Grounds258

B. Uninteresting but Controversial Jurisdictional Grounds259

C. US Doctrine of General Jurisdiction260

D. Submission260

1. Submission after the Dispute Arises261

2. Contract Nominating Forum (Submission before the Dispute Arises)261

3. The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements262

E. The Location of Contract Formation265

F. The Applicable Law Being the Law of the Forum267

G The Location of Contract Performance267

H. Contract Breached within the Forum268

I. Location of Object of Litigation268

J. US Contractual Specific Jurisdiction269

K. The Place of the Wrongful Act and the Place of Harm269

1. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step One271

2. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Two272

3. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Three274

4. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Four280

5. Extent of Plaintiff's Reputation281

6. Enforcement Difficulties282

7. Prior Notice (Foreseeability)284

8. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Five288

9. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Six289

10. Concluding Observations in Relation to Jurisdiction Based on Place of Wrong/Place of Harm290

L. Plaintiff's Habitual Residence or Domicile291

M. The Location of the Server291

N. US Effects Test292

O. Plaintiff's Location when Observing the Infringement292

P. Injunctions292

Q. Detainable Property within the Forum State293

R. Representative Office/Branch294

Ⅱ. Rules of Declining Jurisdiction294

A. Forum Non Conveniens295

1. How Can Judges Take Away What the Lawmakers Have Given to the Plaintiff?296

2. Too Much Discretion296

3. Lack of Uniformity299

4. Delays the Process299

5.'Case-Shopping' Used to Ease the Courts' Workload300

6.'Case-Shopping' Used to Protect Domestic Interests300

7. Discretion to Uphold Choice of Forum Clauses Nominating a Foreign Forum301

8. Conditional Exercise of Forum Non Conveniens302

9. Forum Non Conveniens: Clearly Inappropriate for International Instruments304

10. Forum Non Conveniens: Superfluous if Jurisdictional Rules Are Reasonable304

11. The Doctrine Is Easily Circumvented305

12. The Doctrine Has Lost Its Meaning in Modern Society305

13. Conclusions Regarding the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens306

B. Lis Alibi Pendens307

C. Ineffectiveness307

Ⅲ. Rules of Choice of Law308

A. Contract Designated Law308

B. Closest Connection308

C. Law of Buyer's Domicile309

D. Lex Fori310

E. Lex Loci Delicti (Commissi)310

F. The 'Double Actionability' Test and Its Flexible Exception311

G. The Law of the Parties' Common Habitual Residence312

Ⅳ. Rules of Recognition and Enforcement312

A. No Recognition and Enforcement312

B. Convention-Based Recognition and Enforcement313

C. Reciprocity313

D. Restricted Recognition and Enforcement314

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations315

Chapter 10 Geo-Identification: Technology to the Rescue?319

Ⅰ. Internet Architecture, Regulation and'Borders'319

Ⅱ. Geo-Location Technologies321

A. Sophisticated Geo-Location Technologies322

1. Accuracy324

2. False Positives and/or False Negatives329

3. The Future of Sophisticated Geo-Location Technologies331

B. Unsophisticated Geo-Location Technologies334

C. Geo-Location Technologies in Practice335

Ⅲ.'Soft Protection': Non-Technical Means of Geographical Identification338

A. Disclaimers340

B. 'Click-Wrap'Agreements341

C. Menus: The Better and Worst Alternative342

D. Delivery Address343

1. Digitized Products344

E. Offline Identification345

F.'Soft protection' in Practice345

Ⅳ. Geo-Identification: A Question of Attitudes347

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations351

Chapter 11 Proposed 'Defamation Convention Model'353

Ⅰ. Structure of the Models354

Ⅱ. Introduction to the 'Defamation Model'354

Ⅲ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model355

Ⅳ. Article-by-Article357

Ⅴ. Putting the 'Defamation Model' to the Test375

Chapter 12 Proposed 'Contracts Convention Model'379

Ⅰ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model379

Ⅱ. Article-by-Article380

Ⅲ. Putting the 'Contracts Model' to the Test396

Chapter 13 Concluding Remarks399

Selected Bibliography403

Table of Authorities415

Index427