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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EVIDENCE1

Key Words1

Introduction1

Types, Value, and Advantages of Physical Evidence3

Categories of Physical Evidence3

Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence3

Types of Evidence4

Value of Physical Evidence4

Some Advantages of Physical Evidence7

Major Categories of Physical Evidence8

Class and Individual Characteristics of Physical Evidence9

Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence11

Comparison Standards and Controls14

Ethical, Legal, and Scientific Requirements for Evidence Collection16

Summary 26 Review Questions27

Further References27

Appendix 1-A Crime Scene Search and Seizure Law28

Appendix 1-B Consent to Search and Completed Search Forms45

Chapter 2 CRIME SCENE SEARCH PRINCIPLES47

Key Words47

Introduction47

Department Orders Regarding Crime Scenes48

First Responders at the Scene48

Crime Scene Investigator52

Contact the First Responder at the Scene54

Establish a Command Center for the Operation54

Establish a Plan for Processing the Scene55

Data To Be Compiled Before Collection Process56

Crime Scene Search: Be Systematic!57

Separate Areas/Collectors60

Systematic Search Methods61

Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing62

Final Survey of the Crime Scene63

Summary63

Review Questions65

Further References65

Appendix 2-A Sample Crime Scene Entry Log66

Appendix 2-B Customized Crime Scene Search Kits67

Level of Crime Scene Search Kit Needed67

Chapter 3 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY74

Key Words74

Introduction74

Objectives of Crime Scene Photography75

Number of Photographs at the Scene75

Conditions at the Scene76

Choice of Camera Type for Crime Scene Photography76

Type of Film for Crime Scene Photography78

Videotaping of Crime Scenes78

Suggested Systematic Approach79

Log of All Photographs Taken79

Types of Photographs of a Crime Scene79

Basic Camera and Photography Information86

Summary91

Review Questions92

Further References93

Appendix 3-A Basic Equipment List For Crime Scene Photography94

Appendix 3-B Common Photography Terminology96

Chapter 4 CRIME SCENE SKETCHES102

Key Words102

Introduction102

Value of Sketches102

Objectives of Crime Scene Sketches103

Rules of Thumb for Sketches103

Additional Points to Keep in Mind104

Types of Sketches106

Preparation of Sketches: Suggested Systematic Procedure115

Measurement Techniques117

Summary122

Review Questions122

Chapter 5 LATENT FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE124

Key Words124

Introduction124

Types of Fingerprints and Impressions126

Age of the Latent Fingerprint130

Nature of the Latent Print Deposit130

Development of Latents131

General Considerations for Latent Prints131

Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene133

Sequential Approaches to Latent Impression Detection and Collection139

Wet Surfaces: Dry at Room Temp; Treat as for Dry Surfaces141

Sequencing of Methods for Latent Development141

Submission of Latent Print Evidence To The Laboratory148

Summary151

Review Questions154

Further References154

Glossary of Acronyms for Table 5-1154

Appendix 5-A Safety Precautions for Latent Print Development157

General Guidelines for Safety157

Guidelines for Safety at the Crime Scene158

Safety Guidelines in the Laboratory158

Guidelines for Biological Hazards159

Guidelines for Safety at Autopsies159

Chapter 6 TRACE EVIDENCE160

Key Words160

Introduction160

Hair Evidence161

Fiber Evidence174

Glass Evidence178

Paint Evidence181

Soil Evidence186

Arson Accelerant Evidence190

Summary195

Review Questions197

Further References198

Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL FLUID STAIN EVIDENCE: BLOOD, SEMEN,AND SALIVA199

Key Words199

Introduction199

Bloodstain Evidence200

DNA Analysis of Biological Stains210

Semen Evidence212

Saliva Evidence215

Summary216

Review Questions217

Further References218

Appendix 7-A Safety Precautions For Blood And Biological Fluids219

Chapter 8 FIREARMS EVIDENCE220

Key Words220

Introduction220

Firearm Cartridges220

Laboratory Examinations of Firearms Evidence230

Collection of Firearms Evidence231

Recovery of Fired Ammunition Components233

Gunshot Residues (GSR)235

Summary241

Review Questions243

Further References243

Appendix 8-A Class Characteristics For Some Handguns And Other Firearms244

Chapter 9 IMPRESSION EVIDENCE260

Key Words260

Introduction260

Laboratory Examinations of Impression Evidence261

Collection of Impression Evidence265

Toolmark Evidence Collection275

Fracture Evidence278

Summary281

Review Questions282

Further References283

Chapter 10 DRUG AND ALCOHOL EVIDENCE284

Key Words284

Drug Evidence284

Alcohol Evidence289

Summary291

Review Questions292

Further References293

Chapter 11 DOCUMENT EVIDENCE294

Introduction294

Functions of the Document Examiner294

Collection of Document Evidence296

Summary299

Review Questions299

Further References300

Chapter 12 VEHICLE SCENE INVESTIGATIONS301

Key Words301

Introduction301

General Automobile Search302

Traffic Accident Investigations302

Photographs at the Accident Scene303

Accident Scene Sketches304

Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Pedestrian306

Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Vehicle308

Vehicle Lights309

Summary 311 Review Questions312

Further References312

Chapter 13 SEXUAL ASSAULT INVESTIGATIONS313

Key Words313

Introduction313

Development of Modern Sexual Assault Investigation314

Role of Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations314

Evidence from the Crime Scene315

Evidence from the Victim317

Medical Examination of the Victim321

Evidence from the Suspect330

Examination of Adult Male Victim of Sexual Assault335

Child Sexual Abuse Examination338

Indications of Child Abuse341

Summary346

Review Questions347

Further References348

Appendix 13-A Swab Drying Box348

Appendix 13-B Chain of Custody Form349

Appendix 13-C Seal on Chain of Custody Envelopes350

Chapter 14 HOMICIDE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS351

Key Words351

Introduction351

Homicide Investigation Response Team (HIRT)351

Additional Personnel Often Needed at Homicide Crime Scenes352

At the Homicide Crime Scene353

Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) Guide356

Wrap-up Conference364

Summary364

Review Questions367

Further References368

Appendix 14-A Safety Precautions for Homicide Crime Scenes369

Appendix 14-B Safety Precautions for Postmortem Examinations (Autopsies)370

Chapter 15 CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION371

Key Words371

Introduction371

Establishment of Expertise372

Critical Thinking375

Foundations for Crime Scene Reconstruction376

Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction377

Types of Reconstructions381

Reconstructions Classified by Evidence Type Utilized382

Reconstructions Based on Bloodstain Pattern Evidence383

Reconstructions Based on Firearms Evidence390

Summary414

Review Questions417

Further References418

Appendix 15-A Crime Scene Reconstruction Checklist419

Atthe Scene419

Bloodstain Pattern Reconstructions419

Firearms Shooting Incidents419

Preparation for Reconstruction Effort420

Appendix Ⅰ Crime Scene Report Writing421

Introduction421

Accuracy421

Brevity422

Clarity422

Sketches/Photo Logs/Evidence Lists423

Appendix Ⅱ Courtroom Testimony425

Introduction425

Courtroom Procedures425

Helpful Hints for the Witness426

Testimony Dos and Don'ts428

Grand Juries429

Appendix Ⅲ Forensic Science and Latent Fingerprint Texts430

Appendix Ⅳ Physical Evidence Chart: Collection, Preservation, and Special Instructions for Physical Evidence432

General Instructions432

Appendix Ⅴ Computer Evidence438

Conducting the Search and/or Seizure438

Appendix Ⅵ Entomological Evidence439

Introduction439

At the Scene439

Glossary441

Endnotes454

Index458