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Part Ⅰ.Delimitation of the Problem1

1.Human Rights in Comprehensive Context3

The Rising Common Demands7

Demands Relating to Respect7

Demands Relating to Power8

Demands Relating to Enlightenment9

Demands Relating to Well-Being10

Demands Relating to Wealth11

Demands Relating to Skill12

Demands Relating to Affection12

Demands Relating to Rectitude13

Inadequate Responses-Deprivations and Nonfulfillment of Human Rights13

Deprivations Relating to Respect15

Deprivations Relating to Power17

Deprivations Relating to Enlightenment22

Deprivations Relating to Well-Being26

Deprivations Relating to Wealth31

Deprivations Relating to Skill34

Deprivations Relating to Affection34

Deprivations Relating to Rectitude36

Conditions Affecting Deprivations and Nonfulfillment37

Environmental Factors38

Predispositional Factors45

Interdependences47

Inadequacies in Inquiry:The Intellectual Confusion about Human Rights63

The Natural Law Approach68

The Historical Approach71

The Positivist Approach73

The Marxist (Communist) Approach76

The Social Science Approach80

Human Rights in Policy-Oriented Perspective82

The Establishment of the Observational Standpoint83

The Delimitation of the Focus of Inquiry83

The Relation of Human Rights to Social Process84

The Conception of Authoritative Decision86

Comprehensiveness in Conception of Processes of Authoritative Decision86

The Relation to Community Processes88

The Explicit Postulation of Basic Public Order Goals90

The Performance of Intellectual Tasks91

The Clarification of Community Policies92

The Description of Past Trends in Decision92

The Analysis of Factors Affecting Decision92

The Projection of Future Trends93

The Invention and Evaluation of Policy Alternatives93

2.The Social Setting of Human Rights:The Process of Deprivation and Nonfulfillment of Values94

Participants96

Organized Groups97

Nation-States98

International Governmental Organizations100

Political Parties101

Pressure Groups101

Private Associations102

Terror Groups and Gangs106

Unorganized Groups107

Culture107

Class109

Interest110

Personality110

Crisis113

Perspectives113

Demands114

Identifications115

Expectations117

Contending Systems of Public Order119

Situations119

Geographic Features120

Temporal Features121

Institutionalization123

Crisis126

Base Values130

Strategies135

Outcomes138

3.Claims Made to Authority for the Protection of Human Rights143

Claimants145

Perspectives145

Specific Types of Claim146

Claims Relating to the Process of Deprivation and Nonfulfillment of Values146

Claims Relating to Respect146

Claims Relating to Power149

Claims Relating to Enlightenment151

Claims Relating to Well-Being152

Claims Relating to Wealth154

Claims Relating to Skill155

Claims Relating to Affection156

Claims Relating to Rectitude157

Claims Relating to Permissible Derogation from Established Standards158

Claims Relating to Crises in Security158

Claims Relating to Crises in Power158

Claims Relating to Crises in Respect158

Claims Relating to Crises in Enlightenment158

Claims Relating to Crises in Well-Being158

Claims Relating to Crises in Wealth158

Claims Relating to Crises in Skill159

Claims Relating to Crises in Affection159

Claims Relating to Crises in Rectitude159

Claims Relating to the Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision159

Claims Relating to Participation159

Claims Relating to Perspectives159

Claims Relating to Situations159

Claims Relating to Base Values159

Claims Relating to Strategies159

Claims Relating to Outcomes159

Intelligence159

Promotion (Recommendation)159

Prescription159

Invocation159

Application159

Termination159

Appraisal159

Claims Relating to Effects159

The Context of Conditions159

4.The Global Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision161

The Major Features of Contemporary Constitutive Process167

Participation167

Nation-States168

International Governmental Organizations170

Political Parties173

Pressure Groups174

Private Associations175

The Individual176

Perspectives179

Arenas185

Establishment186

Diplomatic186

Parliamentary-Diplomatic187

Parliamentary188

Adjudicative189

Executive190

Access192

Compulsoriness199

Base Values207

Authority207

Effective Control217

Strategies219

The Diplomatic Instrument220

The Ideological Instrument223

The Economic Instrument227

The Military Instrument236

Outcomes248

The Intelligence Function248

The Promoting Function256

The Prescribing Function261

The Invoking Function278

The Applying Function289

The Terminating Function299

The Appraising Function307

The Human Rights Prescriptions as an Emerging Global Bill of Rights313

Prescription320

Application332

The United Nations and Its Organs332

Nation-States and Their Officials335

Unilateral Acts335

Agreements338

Non-Governmental Actors350

Invocation357

Termination360

Part Ⅱ.The Clarification of General Community Policies365

5.The Basic Policies of a Comprehensive Public Order of Human Dignity367

The Observational Standpoint:Identification with the Whole of Humankind368

The Perspectives of a Comprehensive World Public Order:Clarifying Policies373

The Postulation of the Goal Values of Human Dignity375

Postulated Goal Values in Social Process378

Preferred Policies Relating to the World Process of Value Fulfillment and Deprivation381

Preferences Relating to Respect381

Preferences Relating to Power383

Preferences Relating to Enlightenment387

Preferences Relating to Weil-Being389

Preferences Relating to Wealth393

Preferences Relating to Skill395

Preferences Relating to Affection396

Preferences Relating to Rectitude398

Postulated Goal Values in Constitutive Process399

Preferred Policies Relating to World Constitutive Process400

Participation in Decision-Making400

Representativeness400

Responsibility401

Perspectives401

Demands401

Identifications402

Expectations402

Arenas402

Establishment402

Access402

Open402

Compulsory402

Bases of Power403

Authority403

Control403

Strategies403

Outcomes404

Aggregate Consequences404

Rationality404

Efficiency404

Inclusivity405

Comprehensiveness and Integration405

Particular Functions (Types of Decisions)405

The Intelligence Function405

The Promotional Function406

The Prescribing Function406

The Invoking Function406

The Applying Function407

The Terminating Function407

The Appraising Function408

The Conception of Common Interest408

The Accommodation of Interests in Particular Instances415

Principles of Content419

Principles Relating to the Prescribing Process419

Principles Relating to the Process of Claim420

Principles Relating to the Process of Decision420

Principles of Procedure420

The Contextual Principle420

The Principle of Economy420

The Principle of Manifest (Provisional) Focus420

The Principle of Clarified Focus421

The Principle of Observing Trends in Past Experience421

The Principle of Realistic Orientation in Factors Affecting Decision421

The Principle of Observing the Constraints of Future Probabilities421

The Principle of Evaluating and Inventing Options in Decision422

The Significance of Past Trends423

The Analysis of Factors Conditioning Trends428

The Projection of Probable Future Developments436

The Invention and Evaluation of Alternatives:Looking Toward an Optimum Public Order of Human Dignity440

Part Ⅲ.Trends in Decision and Conditioning Factors:Claims Relating to Respect449

6.Respect as the Core Value of Human Rights451

7.Claims Relating to Fundamental Freedom of Choice468

The Eradication of Slavery473

Factual Background473

Basic Community Policies481

Trends in Decision482

Appraisal and Recommendations505

The Elimination of Caste508

The Elimination of Apartheid521

Factual Background521

Basic Community Policies531

Trends in Decision532

8.Claims Relating to a Basic Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Discrimination561

9.Claims Relating to Racial Discrimination569

Factual Background569

Basic Community Policies577

Trends in Decision581

10.The Outlawing of Sex-Based Discrimination612

Factual Background612

Basic Community Policies623

Trends in Decision625

Proposals for Application650

11.Claims Relating to Freedom from Religious Discrimination653

Factual Background653

Basic Community Policies661

Trends in Decision665

The Inclusive Context of Religious and Other Basic Freedoms of Belief687

12.Claims for Freedom from Discrimination because of Non-Conforming Political Opinion690

Factual Background690

Basic Community Policies697

Trends in Decision702

Future Developments710

13.Claims for Freedom from Discrimination in Choice of Language713

Factual Background713

Basic Community Policies720

Trends in Decision722

Pre-United Nations Protections722

Protections under the United Nations724

Regional Protections:The Belgian Linguistic Cases729

National Protections732

Future Developments736

14.The Protection of Aliens from Discrimination:State Responsibility Conjoined with Human Rights737

Factual Background738

Basic Community Policies742

Trends in Decision745

The Future of Protection776

15.The Protection of the Aged from Discrimination779

Factual Background779

Basic Community Policies782

Trends in Decision786

Future Developments795

Part Ⅳ.Future Prospects797

16.The Aggregate Interest in Shared Respect and Human Rights:The Harmonization of Public Order and Civic Order799

Claims Relating to Comprehensive Public Order802

Factual Background802

Basic Community Policies804

Trends in Decision805

Claims Relating to Civic Order (Including Privacy)815

Factual Background815

Basic Community Policies823

Trends in Decision829

The Future of Human Rights in Public and Civic Order857

Appendix Nationality and Human Rights:The Protection of the Individual in External Arenas861

Delimitation of the Problem861

The Clarification of General Community Policy863

Trends in Decision and Conditioning Factors866

Claims by the Individual to a Protecting State866

Claims Relating to the Conferment of Nationality878

Claims Relating to Withdrawal of Nationality888

Voluntary Expatriation889

Withdrawal with Consent (Genuine or Constructive) for Promoting Harmonious Relations between States895

Withdrawal without Consent as Punishment900

Claims Relating to Statelessness920

Minimization of Statelessness924

Statelessness at Birth927

Statelessness Subsequent to Birth929

Mitigations of Statelessness935

Claims Relating to Multiple Nationality941

Appraisal and Recommendations953

Table of Cases959

Name Index962

Subject Index995