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CHAPTER 1 A Framework for Architecture1

The Zachman Framework1

The Rows2

The Columns4

The Architecture Framework5

The Analysis Process7

Implications9

CHAPTER 2 Managing Projects11

Introduction11

Summary of Development Phases14

About Strategy17

Articulation17

About Requirements Analysis18

Definition18

Process One:Define Scope19

Process Two:Plan the Process20

Process Three:Gather Information21

Step 1:Conduct Briefing22

Step 2A:Conduct Interviews22

Step 2B:Joint Application Development(JAD)and Feedback Sessions23

Step 3:Obtain Industry Information and Patterns23

Step 4:Examine Current Systems24

Step 5:The Deliverable24

Process Four:Describe the Enterprise25

Step 1:Define Data Models(See Chapter 3)26

Step 2:Define Activity Models(See Chapter 4)27

Step 3:Define Location Models(See Chapter 6)30

Step 4:Define People and Organization Models(See Chapter 5)30

Step 5:Define Event and Timing Models(See Chapter 7)32

Step 6:Define Motivation Models(See Chapter 8)33

Step 7:Present Models37

Step 8:Deliverables:Model Descriptions39

Process Five:Define What Is Required of a New System40

Step 1:Restate Project Purpose40

Step 2:Identify Key Players40

Step 3:Identify Required Capabilities41

Step 4:Identify Requirement Constraints43

Step 5:Identify Non-functional Requirements43

Step 6:Determine Level of Technology46

Step 7:Identify Capacity Requirements47

Step 8:Decide Whether to Make or Buy47

Process Six:Determine the Existing Systems Environment48

Step 9:Deliverable:Requirements Statement48

Step 1:Define Operating Environment49

Step 2:Identify Software Environment49

Step 3:Define Technological Architecture50

Step 4:Define Operational Procedures50

Step 5:Identify Existing Capacity50

Step 6:Deliverable:System Inventory51

Process Seven:Plan for Transition51

Step 1:Begin Reorganization52

Step 2:Begin Education52

Step 3:Prepare for Training53

Step 4:Prepare for Data Conversion53

Step 5:Prepare for Implementation of Hardware and Software54

Step 6:Deliverable:Transition Plan54

Summary55

Views of Data57

CHAPTER 3 Column One:Data57

A Brief History of Data Architecture60

The Application Approach to Systems...61

What Went Wrong?63

1.Input s Connections to Output63

2.Overlapping Applications64

3.Encoding Business in the Programs65

The Solution—Version 165

Data Management68

The Solution—Version 268

Advanced Data Management—Meta-data72

Graphics—Data Modeling72

A Short History72

Entity/Relational Modeling72

Object Modeling73

Object-Role Modeling(ORM)76

How to Draw a Data Model79

Using Entity/Relationship and Object Models86

Business Owners Views(Row Two)87

Architect s View(Row Three)87

Designer s View(Row Four)88

Normalization91

Before Normal Forms92

First Normal Form93

Second Normal Form94

Third Normal Form95

Boyce/Codd Normal Form97

Fourth Normal Form99

Fifth Normal Form100

Data Modeling and Normalization104

Object-Oriented Design111

Referential Integrity111

Data Modeling Conventions112

Syntactic—Symbols112

Positional—The Crow s Foot Rule113

Semantic—Data Model Patterns114

Entity/Relationship Model Validation131

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column One136

Entity Types and Relationships,with Narrative136

Attributes136

Domains137

Unique Identifiers137

Data,People,and Organizations138

Data and Locations138

Data and Activities138

Data and the Other Columns138

Referential Integrity138

Data and Timing139

Data and Business Rules139

Conclusion139

CHAPTER 4 Column Two:Activities141

From the Business Owners View to the Architect s View143

Approach145

Function Hierarchies146

Dependency Diagrams150

Data Flow Diagrams152

Exploding Processes157

Context Diagram160

Physical Data Flow Diagrams161

Logical( Essential )Data Flow Diagrams162

IDEFO169

Syntax170

Rules174

The UML Activity Diagram180

Interaction Diagrams183

Use Cases184

A Word About Business Process Re-engineering185

Business Process Diagrams185

Detailed Function and Process Documentation187

Structured Natural Language187

Action Diagrams190

Decision Trees and Decision Tables191

Implications for Relational Design192

Implications of Analyzing Activities192

Other Hierarchical Techniques192

Implications for Object-Oriented Design193

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Two193

A Comparison of the Techniques194

Activities and the Other Columns195

Activities and Data195

Activities and Locations196

Activities and People196

Activities and Timing(Events)197

Activities and Motivation197

CHAPTER 5 Column Four:People and Organizations199

How to Organize the Enterprise(Row One)202

Row Two:The Business Owner s View202

Times Change...202

A Very Short History of the World203

Human Capital205

Structural Capital205

Customer Capital206

Requirements for Knowledge Management206

The New Workplace and Knowledge Management207

Row Three:The Nature of a(Human)System210

A System211

Management212

A Model of the Viable System—System One219

Freedom221

System Two:Dampen Waves224

System Three:Achieve Synergy226

System Four:Opportunities228

System Five:System Identity232

Extra Communication Channels234

Implications of This Model236

Information Overload236

Jobs238

Our Personal Lives238

System Use239

Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Four242

People,Organizations,and the Other Columns243

People and Data243

People and Activities243

People and Locations244

People and Timing244

People and Motivation244

CHAPTER 6 Column Three:Locations245

Row Two—Geography247

Headquarters and Field Offices248

Production Network249

Distribution Network250

Research Network250

Customer Locations250

The Set of Sites250

Row Three—Network(and the Other Columns)251

Column One:Where Are Data Created?Where Are They Used?251

Column Two:Which Functions Are Where?251

Column Four:Which Roles Are Where?252

Column Five:What Events Are Where?252

Column Six:Which Business Rules Are Where?253

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Three253

Introduction255

CHAPTER 7 Column Five:Timing255

Row One:Scope257

Row Two:The Business Owner s View257

Schedules257

Events and States258

State/Transition Diagram259

Row Three:The Architect s View260

Events and States260

Essential Data Flow Diagrams261

Entity Life Histories262

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Five283

Timing and the Other Columns283

Timing and Data283

Timing and Activities283

Conclusion284

Timing and Motivation284

Timing,People,and Organizations284

Timing and Locations284

CHAPTER 8 Column Six:Motivation287

Introduction287

Row One:Scope290

Row Two:Business Owners Views291

End292

Means293

Course of Action293

Assessment295

Discovering Rules296

Row Three:Architect s View298

Classes of Rules298

Rule Descriptions304

Quality Criteria304

Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Six336

Motivation and the Other Columns337

Motivation and Data337

Motivation and Activities337

Motivation and Locations337

Motivation,People,and Organizations337

Motivation and Timing338

Conclusion338

APPENDIX A The Zachman Framework341

APPENDIX B A Comparison of Data Modeling Techniques343

APPENDIX C The Business Rules Group Motivation Model389

APPENDIX D The Business Rules Group and David C.Hay Modified Motivation Model391

Glossary393

Bibliography443

Index449