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PART Ⅰ.PUNISHMENT1

Chapter Ⅰ.Punishment1

1.01 The Distinguishing Feature of the Criminal Law1

1.02 Purposes of Punishment2

A.Reformation2

B.Restraint3

C.Retribution5

D.Deterrence6

(1)Individual Deterrence6

(2)General Deterrence6

A.Conflicting Purposes8

1.03 Punishment in Practice(Some Hard Cases)8

B.No Apparent Purpose12

1.04 Equality-An Unexpressed Theory of Punishment13

1.05 Compensation15

1.06 Judicial Discretion in Sentencing16

1.07 Disproportionality17

1.08 Capital Punishment21

PART Ⅱ.SPECIFIC CRIMES27

Chapter Ⅱ.Homicide27

2.01 Introduction27

2.02 Willful,Deliberate,and Premeditated30

2.03 Intent to Cause Serious Bodily Injury33

2.04 Provocation34

2.05 Assisted Suicide38

2.06 Involuntary Manslaughter39

2.07 Reckless Homicide(Negligent Homi-cide,Vehicular Homicide)42

2.08 Depraved Heart Murder43

2.09 Felony Murder45

2.10 Misdemeanor Manslaughter50

Chapter Ⅲ.Causation53

3.01 Introduction53

3.02 Intentional Killings54

3.03 Unintentional Killings57

3.04 Year and a Day Rule59

4.01 The Traditional View61

Chapter Ⅳ.Rape61

4.02 Statutory Changes62

4.03 Rape by Fraud or Coercion63

4.04 Statutory Rape65

Chapter Ⅴ.Other Crimes Against the Person67

5.01 Battery67

5.02 Assault67

5.03 Aggravated Assault and Battery68

5.04 Mayhem69

5.05 Kidnapping and Related Offenses70

6.02 In General73

Chapter Ⅵ.Self-Defense and Related Defenses73

6.01 Introduction73

6.03 Battered-Spouse Syndrome75

6.04 Retreat Rule76

6.05 Imperfect Self-Defense78

6.06 Defense of Others81

6.07 Resisting Unlawful Arrest82

6.08 Apprehension of Criminals83

6.09 Protection of Property and Crime Prevention86

Chapter Ⅶ.Crimes Against Property88

7.01 Introduction88

B.Trespassory Taking89

7.02 The Elements of Larceny89

A.Introduction89

C.Asportation(Carrying Away)90

D.Valuable Personal Property91

E.Of Another92

F.Intent to Permanently Deprive the Person Entitled to Posses-sion of That Possession93

7.03 Types of Larceny95

A.Larceny by Stealth95

B.Larceny by an Employee(Serv-ant)95

C.Larceny by a Finder97

D.Larceny by a Bailee98

E.Larceny by Trick99

7.04 Embezzlement100

7.05 False Pretenses103

A.Introduction103

B.Obtaining Title to Property104

C.Knowingly or Recklessly Making a False Representation105

D.Of a Presently Existing Fact106

E.Of Pecuniary Significance109

F.Which Is Intended to and Does Defraud the Victim110

7.06 Forgery and Related Offenses111

7.07 Receiving Stolen Goods112

7.08 Robbery113

7.09 Extortion(Blackmail)115

7.10 Consolidation of Theft Offenses117

7.11 Burglary119

7.12 Arson and Related Offenses123

PART Ⅲ.INGREDIENTS OF A CRIME125

Chapter Ⅷ.Mens Rea(Intent)125

8.01 In General125

8.02 Model Penal Code Terminology127

8.03 Transferred Intent128

8.04 Liability Without Fault130

A.Constitutional Limitations132

8.05 Limitations on Liability Without Fault132

B.Non-Constitutional Limitations134

8.06 Mistake of Fact135

8.07 Mistake of Law141

Chapter Ⅸ.Actus Reus148

9.01 Introduction148

9.02 Voluntariness149

9.03 Actus Reus as a Constitutional Mini-mum151

9.04 Concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea154

9.05 Actus Reus and Strict Liability155

9.06 Omissions157

10.01 Introduction163

Chapter Ⅹ.Insanity163

PART Ⅳ.SPECIAL DEFENSES163

10.02 M Naghten Right-Wrong Test164

10.03 Irresistible Impulse167

10.04 The Durham Test168

10.05 M.P.C.Test171

10.06 Abolition of the Insanity Defense174

10.07 Disposition of Insane Defendants176

10.08 Interrelationship Between Automa-tism and Insanity178

10.09 The Effect of Insanity on the Specific Elements of a Crime179

10.10 Insanity After the Crime181

11.01 Infancy184

Chapter Ⅺ.Other Defenses184

11.02 Intoxication186

A.Voluntary Intoxication186

B.Involuntary Intoxication190

11.03 Duress(Coercion)191

11.04 Necessity193

11.05 Entrapment196

11.06 Excessive Government Involvement198

PART Ⅴ.PROOF OF FACTS201

Chapter Ⅻ.Burden of Proof201

12.01 Relevance to Substantive Criminal Law201

12.02 The General Rule202

12.03 What Is A Reasonable Doubt203

12.04 Expansion of Winship(Mullaney v.Wilbur)206

12.05 Contraction of the Rule(Patterson v.New York)207

12.06 Burden of Proof and Sentencing210

Chapter ⅩⅢ.Presumptions and Infer-ences214

13.01 Definitions214

13.02 Constitutionality216

PART Ⅵ.INCHOATE AND GROUP CRIMINALITY219

Chapter ⅩⅣ.Attempt219

14.01 General Scope and Purpose219

14.02 Mens Rea221

14.03 Proximity to Completion223

14.04 Abandonment228

14.05 Solicitation Vis-A-Vis Attempt232

14.06 Other Preparatory Offenses234

A.Burglary234

B.Possession235

C.Vagrancy236

14.07 Attempt to Attempt237

14.08 Impossibility238

15.01 Parties to Crime245

Chapter ⅩⅤ.Accountability for the Acts of Others245

15.02 Actus Reus(How Far Must One Go)248

15.03 Mens Rea(Intentional Crimes)251

15.04 Scope of an Aider s Liability255

15.05 Mens Rea(Unintentional Crimes)256

15.06 Relationship to Principal s Liability259

15.07 Special Personal Defenses261

15.08 Abandonment262

Chapter ⅩⅥ.Conspiracy264

16.01 Introduction264

16.02 Punishment265

16.03 Basis for Complicity266

16.04 The Object Which Renders a Conspir-acy Criminal268

16.05 Agreement-The Actus Reus of Con-spiracy270

16.06 Scope of the Agreement-One Con-spiracy or Many274

16.07 Mens Rea275

16.08 Procedural Peculiarities278

16.09 Political Conspiracies and the First Amendment281

16.10 RICO283

Chapter ⅩⅦ.Corporate Criminal Lia-bility286

17.01 Theoretical Problems286

17.02 Punishment286

17.04 Statutory Construction Problem287

17.03 Whose Conduct Binds a Corporation287

17.05 The Corporation and Its Alter Egos289

PART Ⅶ.LIMITATIONS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW291

Chapter ⅩⅧ. Limitations of the Crimi-nal Law291

18.01 Vagueness291

18.02 Ex Post Facto Laws296

18.03 Common Law Crimes300

18.04 Victimless Crimes302

A.Non-Constitutional Limitations302

B.Constitutional Limitations304

PERSPECTIVE307

INDEX311