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INTRODUCTION1

0.1 General Laboratory Instructions1

0.1.1 Purpose of the Physics Laboratory1

0.1.2 Instructions2

0.1.3 Lab Logbooks4

0.1.4 The Report5

0.2 Measurements and Uncertainty7

0.2.1 Types of Measurements7

0.2.2 True Value and Error8

0.2.3 Systematic and Random Errors9

0.2.4 Precision,Accuracy and Reliability10

0.2.5 The Gaussian(or Normal)Distribution10

0.2.6 Uncertainty of the Measurement12

0.2.7 Propagation of Uncertainty15

0.3 Significant Figures17

0.3.1 What Is a Significant Figure?17

0.3.2 Arithmetic with Significant Figures18

0.3.3 Rounding19

0.3.4 Scientific Notation19

0.4 Data Analysis19

0.4.1 Tables20

0.4.2 Graphs20

0.4.3 The Method of Difference22

0.4.4 The Method of Least Squares23

0.4.5 Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel24

0.5 Problems28

UNIT 1 MECHANICAL AND THERMODYNAMICAL EXPERIMENTS32

1.1 Measurement of Length32

1.2 Measurement of Mass and Density44

1.3 Determination of Rotational Inertia Using Cone Pulley Apparatus53

1.4 Determination of Rotational Inertia Using Torsion Pendulum60

1.5 Young's Modulus67

1.6 A Study of Vibrating Strings73

1.7 Newton's Second Law on the Air Track78

1.8 Conservation of Momentum on the Air Track86

1.9 Three-Line Pendulum91

1.10 Measurement of the Ratio of Specific Heats for Gases99

1.11 Measurement of Fluid Viscosity Using a Falling Ball Viscosimeter105

1.12 Measurement of Coefficient of Surface Tension with the Ring Tensiometer111

UNIT 2 ELECTROMAGNETISM EXPERIMENTS116

2.0 Use of Common Electric Laboratory Instruments116

2.0.1 The Voltmeter116

2.0.2 The Ammeter117

2.0.3 The Ohmmeter118

2.0.4 The Galvanometer118

2.0.5 Variable Resistors119

2.0.6 The Inductor121

2.0.7 Decade Capacitance Box121

2.0.8 Resistor Color Codes121

2.0.9 The Power Supply122

2.0.10 The Standard Cell123

2.0.11 Multimeter124

2.0.12 The Signal Generator127

2.0.13 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO)129

2.0.14 Electronic Symbols130

2.0.15 How to Wire a Circuit130

2.1 Usage of Multimeters133

2.2 Measurement of Voltage-Current Characteristic of Electrical Component140

2.3 Wheatstone Bridge145

2.4 Measurement of the Low Resistance by Using Kelvin Double Bridge Method150

2.5 Determination of the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance155

2.6 The Potentiometer158

2.7 Construction of an Ammeter and Voltmeter163

2.8 PN Junction Forward Voltage Temperature Characteristic169

2.9 Electrostatic Field Simulation174

2.10 The Hall Effect179

2.11 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid186

2.12 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO)191

2.13 Investigation of Magnetic Fields by Search Coil201

2.14 The Series RLC Circuit209

2.15 Measurement of the Speed of Sound in Air214

2.16 Hysteresis Loop for Ferromagnetic Materials220

2.17 The Transfer of an Audio Signal by an Optical Fiber229

UNIT 3 OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS236

3.1 Adjustment of the Spectrometer and Measurement of Prism Angle236

3.2 Measuring the Refractive Index of a Solid245

3.3 Newton's Rings249

3.4 Fraunhofer Single Slit Diffraction257

3.5 The Michelson Interferometer262

3.6 Diffraction Grating270

3.7 Polarization of Light277

3.8 The Grating Spectrometer288

3.9 Measuring the Sound Velocity in Liquid by Ultrasonic Grating299

UNIT 4 PROJECTS306

4.0 Introduction to Physics Projects306

4.1 Design of Resistance Thermometer309

4.2 Measuring the Acceleration due to Gravity on Earth316

4.3 A Study of Vibration on Strings316

4.4 Measuring the Viscosity of Liquid at Different Temperatures317

4.5 Measurement of the Voltage-Current Characteristic of a Diode by Potentiometer317

4.6 Determination of the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Potentiometer318

4.7 To Find the Emf and the Internal Resistance of a Dry Cell318

4.8 To Find the Maximum Power Transfer from Source to Load319

4.9 Measurement of the Current in a Circuit by Using Compensation Method319

4.10 Verification of Kirchhoff's Laws320

4.11 Make Your Own Multimeter320

4.12 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Pure Water321

4.13 Study of Phase Difference Between Voltage and Current in Series RC and LR Circuit321

4.14 Study of Resonance in Parallel RLC Circuits322

4.15 To Study the Power Output of Solar Cells322

4.16 Measurement of the Apex Angle of a Prism323

4.17 Measuring the Refractive Index of a Prism323

4.18 Measuring the Refractive Index of Liquids323

4.19 Measuring the Dispersion Curve of a Prism324

4.20 Measuring Wavelengths of Mercury Spectral Lines324

4.21 Compare the Spacing Between the Tracks on a CD and a DVD325

4.22 The Optical Rotation of Sugar Solutions325

4.23 Construction of Telescopes and Microscopes326

UNIT 5 PASCO EXPERIMENTS327

5.1 Rotational Inertia327

5.2 Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillations331

5.3 Chaos336

5.4 LRC Circuit342

5.5 Magnetic Forces on Wires350

5.6 Magnetic Fields of Coils356

5.7 Earth's Magnetic Field361

5.8 Atomic Spectra365

5.9 Brewster's Angle372

5.10 Photoelectric Effect377

5.11 Blackbody Radiation383

5.12 Cavity Radiation387

APPENDIX391

Table A.1 Values of some fundamental physical constants(MKS units)391

Table A.2 Fundamental SI units391

Table A.3 Some derived SI units used in physics392

Table A.4 Tables of conversions392

Table A.5 The SI prefixes393

Table A.6 The Greek alphabet393

Table A.7 The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Earth at sea level393

Table A.8 The acceleration of gravity at various altitudes on Earth394

Table A.9 Young's Modulus for metals and alloys（20℃）394

Table A.10 Density values for selected materials at 20℃394

Table A.11 Coefficients of viscosity of various fluid395

Table A.12 Experimental surface tension values395

Table A.13 Density values for water at different temperatures(1 atm)396

Table A.14 The speed of sound396

Table A.15 Some coefficients of linear thermal expansion396

Table A.16 Thermal conductivities for selected materials397

Table A.17 Some properties of dielectrics397

Table A.18 Resistivities of some materials at room temperature（20℃）397

Table A.19 Some indexes of refraction398

Table A.20 Wavelength of spectral lines for common used light source398

Table A.21 Mathematical symbols used in the text and their meaning399

Table A.22 Derivatives of common functions399

REFERENCE400