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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Preamble1

1.2 Rationale and objectives1

1.3 Data collection3

1.4 Research scope and methodology5

1.5 Outline of the dissertation5

Chapter 2 Previous Work on Misunderstanding7

2.1 Introduction7

2.2 Various approaches to misunderstanding7

2.2.1 Pragmatics-centered approach7

2.2.2 Conversation-analytic approach8

2.2.3 Computational-linguistic approach9

2.2.4 Cross-cultural approach10

2.2.5 Misunderstanding in institutional settings11

2.2.6 Study of misunderstanding in China13

2.3 Definition of misunderstanding14

2.3.1 Misunderstanding as a common sense category15

2.3.2 Misunderstanding and its"family"16

2.3.2.1 Misunderstanding vs.miscommunication16

2.3.2.2 Misunderstanding vs.other forms of miscommunication17

2.3.2.3 Misunderstanding vs.pragmatic failure19

2.3.2.4 Summary19

2.3.3 Various aspects of defining misunderstanding20

2.4 Levels or types of misunderstanding22

2.4.1 Misunderstanding on levels of linguistic analysis23

2.4.2 Misunderstanding on levels of meaning23

2.4.3 Relevance-theoretic classification25

2.4.4 Classification based on recognition and negotiation26

2.4.5 Result-based classification28

2.5 Sources of misunderstanding27

2.5.1 Sources related to the nature of communication28

2.5.2 Sources related to communicative means—language31

2.5.2.1 Ambiguity and vagueness32

2.5.2.2 Implicitness and indirectness34

2.5.2.3 Jargon35

2.5.3 Sources related to communicators36

2.5.3.1 Expectations and inferences36

2.5.3.2 Language transfer38

2.6 Conclusion39

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework40

3.1 Introduction40

3.2 Triggers in the previous work40

3.3 Objectivist theories of understanding42

3.3.1 The conduit model of understanding42

3.3.2 Pragmatic theories of understanding42

3.3.3 Insufficiencies of objectivist theories of understanding45

3.4 An experiential view of understanding47

3.4.1 Basic assumptions of experientialism47

3.4.2 An outline of experiential understanding49

3.4.2.1 Perception of the world49

3.4.2.2 Organization of the perceived world52

3.4.2.3 ICMs and language use(understanding)56

3.5 Assumptions of ICMs-based misunderstanding58

3.6 Conclusion59

Chapter 4 Misunderstanding and ICMs'Conflict60

4.1 Introduction60

4.2 Outline of ICMs'conflict60

4.3 Misunderstanding and experiences'conflict63

4.3.1 Individual experience vs.individual experience63

4.3.2 Individual experience vs.collective experience65

4.4 Misunderstanding and overinformativeness69

4.5 Misunderstanding and underinformativeness72

4.5.1 Incompleteness in form72

4.5.2 Implicitness in content79

4.6 Misunderstanding and improper choice of linguistic expressions82

4.6.1 Misunderstanding and prototypical effects82

4.6.2 Misunderstanding and granularity85

4.7 Misunderstanding and problematic reference92

4.7.1 Deictic vs.anaphoric92

4.7.2 Deictic vs.generic95

4.8 Misunderstanding and prominence97

4.9 Conclusion103

Chapter 5 Misunderstanding and Cognitive Reasoning105

5.1 Introduction105

5.2 Reasoning:imaginative vs.rational105

5.3 Image schema vs.metaphoric mapping107

5.3.1 Image-schematic structuring107

5.3.2 Metaphoric mapping109

5.3.3 Misunderstanding—image schemas vs.metaphors110

5.3.3.1 From image schema to metaphor110

5.3.3.2 From metaphor to image schema115

5.3.3.3 The indeterminacy of metaphoric mapping117

5.4 Metonymic reasoning119

5.4.1 Cognitive basis of metonymy120

5.4.2 A classification of metonymy121

5.4.3 Metonymic reasoning and inference123

5.4.4 Misunderstanding and referential metonymy126

5.4.5 Misunderstanding and predicational metonymy127

5.4.6 Misunderstanding and speech act metonymy130

5.4.6.1 A survey of speech act metonymy130

5.4.6.2 Case study131

5.4.6.3 Double metonymic operation135

5.5 Conclusion136

Chapter 6 Conclusion138

6.1 Summary of the dissertation138

6.2 Findings and implications139

6.3 Suggestions for future research142

References144