过程控制仪表技术 第8版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS CONTROL 11

Instructional Objectives 11

1 Introduction 11

2 Control Systems 21

2.1　Process-Control Principles1

2.2　Servomechanisms1

2.3　Discrete-State Control Systems1

3　Process-Control Block Diagram 61

3.1 Identification of Elements1

3.2 Block Diagram1

4 Control System Evaluation 101

4.1　Stability1

4.2　Steady-State Regulation1

4.3　Transient Regulation1

4.4 Evaluation Criteria1

5 Analog and Digital Processing 141

5.1　Data Representation1

5.2 ON/OFF Control1

5.3 Analog Control1

5.4　Digital Control1

5.5　Programmable Logic Controllers1

6 Units,Standards,And Definitions 221

6.1 Units1

6.2　Analog Data Representation1

6.3　Definitions1

6.4　Process-Control Drawings1

7 Sensor Time Response 361

7.1 First-Order Response1

7.2　Second-Order Response1

8 Significance and Statistics 401

8.1 Significant Figures1

8.2 Statistics1

Summary2

Problems2

Supplementary Problems2

ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING 532

Instructional Objectives 532

1 Introduction 532

2　Principles of Analog Signal Conditioning 542

2.1 Signal-Level and Bias Changes2

2.2　Linearization2

2.3 Conversions2

2.4　Filtering and Impedance Matching2

2.5　Concept of Loading2

3　Passive Circuits 582

3.1　Divider Circuits2

3.2 Bridge Circuits2

3.3 RC Filters2

4 Operational Amplifiers　832

4.1 Op Amp Characteristics2

4.2　Op Amp Specifications2

5 OP Amp Circuits in Instrumentation 892

5.1　Voltage Follower2

5.2　Inverting Amplifier2

5.3　Noninverting Amplifier2

5.4　Differential Instrumentation Amplifier2

5.5　Voltage-to-Current Converter2

5.6　Current-to-Voltage Converter2

5.7 Integrator2

5.8　Differentiator2

5.9　Linearization2

6　Design Guidelines 1022

Summary3

Problems3

Supplementary Problems3

DIGITAL SIGNAL CONDITIONING 1153

Instructional Objectives 1153

1 Introduction 1153

2 Review of Digital Fundamentals 1163

2.1　Digital Information3

2.2　Fractional Binary Numbers3

2.3　Boolean Algebra3

2.4　Digital Electronics3

2.5　Programmable Logic Controllers3

2.6 Computer Interface3

3 Converters 1253

3.1　Comparators3

3.2　Digital-to-Analog Converters(DACs)3

3.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters(ADCs)3

3.4 Frequency-Based Converters3

4 Data-Acquisition Systems 1553

4.1 DAS Hardware3

4.2 DAS Software3

5 Characteristics of Digital Data 1603

5.1 Digitized Value3

5.2 Sampled Data Systems3

5.3 Linearization3

Summary4

Problems4

Supplementary Problems4

THERMAL SENSORS 1754

Instructional Objectives 1754

1 Introduction 1754

2 Definition of Temperature 1764

2.1 Thermal Energy4

2.2 Temperature4

3 Metal Resistance versus Temperature Devices 1804

3.1 Metal Resistance versus Temperature4

3.2 Resistance versus Temperature Approximations4

3.3 Resistance-Temperature Detectors4

4 Thermistors 1894

4.1 Semiconductor Resistance versus Temperature4

4.2 Thermistor Characteristics4

5 Thermocouples 1934

5.1 Thermoelectric Effects4

5.2 Thermocouple Characteristics4

5.3 Thermocouple Sensors4

6 Other Thermal Sensors 2044

6.1 Bimetal Strips4

6.2 Gas Thermometers4

6.3 Vapor-Pressure Thermometers4

6.4 Liquid-Expansion Thermometers4

6.5 Solid-State Temperature Sensors4

7 Design Considerations 2114

Summary5

Problems5

Supplementary Problems5

MECHANICAL SENSORS 2235

Instructional Objectives 2235

1 Introduction 2235

2 Displacement,Location,or Position Sensors 2245

2.1 Potentiometric Sensors5

2.2 Capacitive and Inductive Sensors5

2.3 Vairiable-Reluctance Sensors5

2.4 Level Sensors5

3 Strain Sensors 2325

3.1 Strain and Stress5

3.2 Strain Gauge Principles5

3.3 Metal Strain Gauges5

3.4 Semiconductor Strain Gauges(SGs)5

3.5 Load Cells5

4 Motion Sensors 2465

4.1 Types of Motion5

4.2 Accelerometer Principles5

4.3 Types of Accelerometers5

4.4 Applications5

5 Pressure Sensors 2585

5.1 Pressure Principles5

5.2 Pressure Sensors(p＞1 atmosphere)5

5.3 Pressure Sensors(p＞1 atmosphere)5

6 Flow Sensors 2675

6.1 Solid-Flow Measurement5

6.2 Liquid Flow5

Summary6

Problems6

Supplementary Problems6

OPTICAL SENSORS 2856

Instructional Objectives 2856

1 Introduction 2856

2 Fundamentals of EM Radiation 2866

2.1 Nature of EM Radiation6

2.2 Characteristics of Light6

2.3 Photometry6

3 Photodetectors 2966

3.1 Photodetector Characteristics6

3.2 Photoconductive Detectors6

3.3 Photovoltaic Detectors6

3.4 Photodiode Detectors6

3.5 Photoemissive Detectors6

4 Pyrometry 3116

4.1 Thermal Radiation6

4.2 Broadband Pyrometers6

4.3 Narrowband Pyrometers6

5 Optical Sources 3166

5.1 Conventional Light Sources6

5.2 Laser Principles6

6 Applications 3226

6.1 Label Inspection6

6.2 Turbidity6

6.3 Ranging6

Summary7

Problems7

Supplementary Problems7

FINAL CONTROL 3337

Instructional Objectives 3337

1 Introduction 3337

2 Final Control Operation 3347

2.1 Signal Conversions7

2.2 Actuators7

2.3 Control Element7

3 Signal Conversions 3367

3.1 Analog Electrical Signals7

3.2 Digital Electrical Signals7

3.3 Pneumatic Signals7

4 Power Electronics 3427

4.1 Switching Devices7

4.2 Controlling Devices7

5 Actuators 3587

5.1 Electrical Actuators7

5.2 Pneumatic Actuators7

5.3 Hydraulic Actuators7

6 Control Elements 3717

6.1 Mechanical7

6.2 Electrical7

6.3 Fluid Valves7

Summary8

Problems8

Supplementary Problems8

DISCRETE-STATE PROCESS CONTROL 3878

Instructional Objectives 3878

1 Introduction 3878

2 Definition of Discrete-State Process Control 3888

3 Characteristics of the System 3898

3.1 Discrete-State Variables8

3.2 Process Specifications8

3.3 Event Sequence Description8

4 Relay Controllers and Ladder Diagrams 4038

4.1 Background8

4.2 Ladder Diagram Elements8

4.3 Ladder Diagram Examples8

5 Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs) 4138

5.1 Relay Sequencers8

5.2 Programmable Logic Controller Design8

5.3 PLC Operation8

5.4 Programming8

5.5 PLC Software Functions8

Summary9

Problems9

Supplementary Problems9

CONTROLLER PRINCIPLES 4399

Instructional Objectives 4399

1 Introduction 4399

2 Process Characteristics 4409

2.1 Process Equation9

2.2 Process Load9

2.3 Process Lag9

2.4 Self-Regulation9

3 Control System Parameters 4429

3.1 Error9

3.2 Variable Range9

3.3 Control Parameter Range9

3.4 Control Lag9

3.5 Dead Time9

3.6 Cycling9

3.7 Controller Modes9

4 Discontinuous Controller Modes 4489

4.1 Two-Position Mode9

4.2 Multiposition Mode9

4.3 Floating-Control Mode9

5 Continuous Controller Modes 4579

5.1 Proportional Control Mode9

5.2 Integral-Control Mode9

5.3 Derivative-Control Mode9

6 Composite Control Modes 4669

6.1 Proportional-Integral Control(PI)9

6.2 Proportional-Derivative Control Mode(PD)9

6.3 Three-Mode Controller(PID)9

6.4 Special Terminology9

Summary10

Problems10

Supplementary Problems10

ANALOG CONTROLLERS 48110

Instructional Objectives 48110

1 Introduction 48110

2 General Features 48210

2.1 Typical Physical Layout10

2.2 Front Panel10

2.3 Side Panel10

3 Electronic Controllers 48310

3.1 Error Detector10

3.2 Single Mode10

3.3 Composite Controller Modes10

4 Pneumatic Controllers 50010

4.1 General Features10

4.2 Mode Implementation10

5 Design Considerations 50410

Summary11

Problems11

Supplementary Problems11

COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL 51311

Instructional Objectives 51311

1 Introduction 51311

2 Digital Applications 51411

2.1 Alarms11

2.2 Two-Position Control11

3 Computer-Based Controller 51911

3.1 Hardware Configurations11

3.2 Software Requirements11

4 Other Computer Applications 53311

4.1 Data Logging11

4.2 Supervisory Control11

5 Control System Networks 54011

5.1 Development11

5.2 General Characteristics11

5.3 Fieldbus Types11

6 Computer Controller Examples 55011

Summary12

Problems12

Supplementary Problems12

CONTROL-LOOP CHARACTERISTICS 55912

Instructional Objectives 55912

1 Introduction 55912

2 Control System Configurations 56012

2.1 Single Variable12

2.2 Cascade Control12

3 Multivariable Control Systems 56412

3.1 Analog Control12

3.2 Supervisory and Direct Digital Control12

4 Control System Quality 56812

4.1 Definition of Quality12

4.2 Measure of Quality12

5 Stability 57512

5.1 Transfer Function Frequency Dependence12

5.2 Stability Criteria12

6 Process-Loop Tuning 58012

6.1 Open-Loop Transient Response Method12

6.2 Ziegler-Nichols Method12

6.3 Frequency Response Methods12