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Chapter 1 The Legal Environment of International Trade1

1.1 Globalization and International Trade2

1.2 Economic Theories Underlying International Trade3

1.3 History of International Trade Law8

1.4 Sources of International Trade Law10

A．International Treaties and Conventions11

B．International Trade Customs and Usages11

C．National Law12

D．Other Sources13

1.5　Comparison of Legal Systems14

A．The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System14

B．The Anglo-American Common Law System15

1.6　The Role of International Organizations in International Trade15

Chapter Summary21

Chapter Questions21

Chapter 2　International Sale of Goods(Ⅰ)24

2.1　What Is Contract?25

2.2　Classification of Contract26

2.3　Essential Elements of a Valid Contract28

2.4　Sources of Rules Governing International Sale of Goods32

A．United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods32

B．National Law34

C．Principles of International Commercial Contracts36

D．International Customs and Usages:Incoterms38

Chapter Summary44

Chapter Questions45

Chapter 3　International Sale of Goods(Ⅱ)47

3.1　The Sphere of Application of CISG48

A．Three Requirements for the Application of CISG48

B．Choice of Law Clauses51

C．Sales Excluded from CISG54

D．Contractual Issues Excluded from CISG57

3.2　General Provisions for Interpretation of CISG58

3.3　Contract Formation60

A．The Offer61

B．The Acceptance62

C．Battle of the Forms64

3.4　Seller's Obligations66

A．Obligations of Delivery66

B．Obligations of Quality of the Goods68

C．Obligations of Property Issues70

3.5　Buyer's Obligations71

A．Obligations of Payment71

B．Obligations of Inspection and Notice of Defects72

3.6　Risk of Loss74

3.7　Excused Performance75

3.8　Remedies for Breach of Contract77

A．Suspension of Performance77

B．Avoidance of a Contract79

C．Damages82

D．Specific Performance86

E．Other Remedies Available under CISG88

Chapter Summary89

Chapter Questions91

Chapter 4　International Carriage of Goods96

4.1　Carriage of Goods by Sea98

A．Bills of Lading98

B．Charterparties109

4.2 Carriage of Goods by Air110

A．The Warsaw Convention 1929110

B．The Montreal Convention 1999111

4.3　Carriage of Goods by Road and Rail112

4.4　Multimodal Carriage of Goods114

4.5　Marine Cargo Insurance114

A．Types of Losses115

B．Types of Marine Insurance Policies116

C．Types of Coverage117

Chapter Summary117

Chapter Questions118

Chapter 5　Payment in International Trade121

5.1　Modes of International Payment122

5.2　Fundamentals of Negotiable Instruments125

5.3　The Bill of Exchange128

A．Laws Governing the Bill of Exchange128

B．Brief Requirements of the Bill of Exchange129

C．Negotiation of the Bill of Exchange129

5.4　Documentary Letters of Credit132

A．Overview132

B．The Governing Rules:UCP 600135

C．Basic Legal Principles136

5.5　Standby Letters of Credit144

Chapter Summary146

Chapter Questions147

Chapter 6　The International Transfer of Intellectual Property150

6.1　Fundamentals of Intellectual Property Rights151

A．Copyrights151

B．Patents153

C．Trademarks155

D．Know-how or Trade Secrets156

6.2　International Intellectual Property Organizations and Treaties157

6.3　Regulations on International Licensing160

A．Rules Regulating the Anticompetitive Aspects of International Licensing160

B．Restrictive Business Practices162

C．Compulsory Licenses165

6.4　Regulations of International Franchising167

Chapter Summary169

Chapter Questions170

Chapter 7　International Electronic Commerce173

7.1　Introduction174

7.2　Private Contractual Measures Enabling Electronic Commerce175

7.3 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce176

A．In General176

B．Non-Discrimination Provisions176

C．Contract Formation Provisions177

7.4 China's Legislation on Electronic Commerce178

A．Development of Electronic Commerce in China178

B．Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China179

7.5　European Union's Law on Electronic Commerce181

A．Electronic Signature Directive181

B．Personal Data Protection Directive182

7.6　United States'Federal Law—E-SIGN Act182

Chapter Summary183

Chapter Questions184

Chapter 8　WTO Law186

8.1　Historical Development of GATT Law and WTO Law187

A．The Birth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)187

B．Evolution of the GATT and GATT Law188

C．The Uruguay Round189

8.2　Overview of the WTO191

A．What Is the WTO?191

B．Membership of the WTO191

C．Structure of the WTO192

8.3　WTO Agreements194

A．WTO Dispute Settlement194

B．Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods200

C．The General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)209

D．The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS Agreement)212

8.4　China and the WTO213

A．Non-market Economy Status214

B．Specific Safeguard Mechanism for Products of Chinese Origin215

C．Specific Safeguard Mechanism for Trade in Textiles and Clothing Products217

Chapter Summary219

Chapter Questions219

Chapter 9　National Regulations on Imports and Exports223

9.1 Introduction224

9.2　China's Regulations on Imports and Exports224

A．Overview of China's Regulations on Imports and Exports224

B．The Fundamental Principles and Foreign Trade Dealers225

C．Regulations on Imports and Exports of Goods and Technologies226

D．Regulations on Imports and Exports of Services228

E．Protection of Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights230

F．Maintenance of Foreign Trade Order230

G．Foreign Trade Investigation and Foreign Trade Remedies231

H．Promotion of Foreign Trade231

9.3 United States Import and Export Controls232

A．U.S. Import Restraints233

B．Governance of Exports235

C．General Prohibitions236

D．U.S.Section 301 Proceedings:Basic Section 301,Special 301,Telecommunications 301 and Super 301238

Chapter Summary240

Chapter Questions241

Chapter 10 Settlement of International Commercial Disputes243

10.1 Methods of International Commercial Dispute Settlement244

10.2 Settlement of Commercial Disputes through Arbitration246

A．Overview of Arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration246

B．Arbitration Clauses251

C．Arbitration Procedure256

D．Enforcement of Arbitral Awards:New York Convention257

10.3 Settlement of Commercial Disputes Involving States through Arbitration260

A．International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID)260

B．Dispute Settlement in the WTO261

10.4 Settlement of Commercial Disputes through Litigation261

A．Jurisdiction262

B．Choosing the Governing Law263

C．Proving Foreign Law263

D．Recognizing and Enforcing Foreign Judgment264

Chapter Summary264

Chapter Questions265

Appendix Ⅰ United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods267

Appendix Ⅱ Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits UCP 600297

List of Legal Terms322

References342