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Chapter 1 A Study of the Contemporary Morphological Researches on Syntax1

1.0 Introduction1

1.1 Contemporary Morphological Researches on Word Order2

1.1.1 Rohrbacher(1999)2

1.1.1.1 Strong agreement hypothesis2

1.1.1.2 Bobaljik's(2002)view on the strong agreement hypothesis4

1.1.2 Bobaljik(2002)5

1.1.2.1 Effects of syntactic structure variation6

1.1.2.2 Our view on Bobaljik's(2002)hypotheses8

1.1.3 Trosterud(1989)9

1.1.3.1 Nominative case-marking hypothesis10

1.1.3.2 Counterevidence from Faroese11

1.1.4 Roberts(1993)14

1.1.4.1 The hypothesis of overy distinct agreement marking15

1.1.4.2 Our view based on Rohrbacher's(1999)counterevidence15

1.1.5 Holmberg and Platzack(1995)17

1.1.5.1 Presence of Agr18

1.1.5.2 Finiteness feature20

1.1.5.3 Our relative proposals22

1.2 Researches on Subject Omission23

1.2.1 Chomsky(1981,1982)24

1.2.2 Jaeggli and Safir(1989)25

1.2.3 Shortcomings of the two null subject hypotheses27

1.2.4 Vainikka and Levy(1999)29

1.2.4.1 Pronominal correspondence30

1.2.4.2 Our view on Vainikka and Levy's(1999)hypothesis34

1.3 Conclusion35

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Main Proposals of Morphological Effects37

2.0 Introduction37

2.1 Morphological Evolution37

2.1.1 Theoretical background38

2.1.1.1 Original morphological inflections38

2.1.1.2 Tendency of morphological evolution39

2.1.2 Process of morphological evolution41

2.1.3 Verbal agreement paradigms of different richness degrees45

2.1.4 Our hypothesis about ways of language evolution48

2.2 Language Classification with Respect to Verbal Agreement Morphology51

2.2.1 Presence of the functional category Agr51

2.2.2 C-Agr vs.T-Agr54

2.2.3 Classification of agreement paradigms56

2.2.3.1 Classification in our analysis of word order variation57

2.2.3.2 Classification in our analysis of subject omission58

2.2.3.3 Subdivision of degraded rich agreement morphology61

2.3 Theoretical Background about Syntactic Effects of Morphological Change64

2.3.1 Haeberli's(2000)diachronic study65

2.3.2 Word computation69

2.4 Our Proposals of Morphological Effects on Syntax72

2.4.1 Two affixation levels73

2.4.2 Psychological evidence for affixation levels78

2.4.3 Morphological case system79

2.4.4 Morphological influence on subject omission82

2.5 Language Change as a Continuum85

2.6 Conclusion88

Chapter 3 A Diachronic Study of the Romance Languages90

3.0 Introduction90

3.1 Evolutional Process of Romance Morphology91

3.1.1 Ancestor of the Romance languages91

3.1.2 Deveiopmental tendency of clitics94

3.1.2.1 From simple clitics to special clitics95

3.1.2.2 From prefixes to suffixes95

3.1.3 Evolution of Romance clitics99

3.1.4 Optional positions of Romance clitics101

3.2 Romanian104

3.2.1 Romanian morphology105

3.2.2 Romanian syntax108

3.2.2.1 Unset head parameter value108

3.2.2.2 Free word order110

3.2.2.3 V-to-T movement112

3.3 Italian113

3.3.1 Italian morphology114

3.3.2 Italian syntax117

3.3.2.1 Change of the head parameter value117

3.3.2.2 Change from C-Agr to T-Agr121

3.2.2.3 V-to-T movement123

3.2.2.4 V-to-C movement124

3.3.2.5 Comparison between Romanian and Italian126

3.4 French129

3.4.1 French morphology129

3.4.2 French syntax131

3.4.2.1 Obligatory vs.optional clitic doubling in Colloquial French132

3.4.2.2 Fixed word order134

3.4.2.3 V-to-T movement137

3.5 Conclusion141

Chapter 4 A Diachronic Study of the Germanic Languages142

4.0 Introduction142

4.1 Classification of the Germanic Languages143

4.2 Morphological Evolution of the Germanic Languages144

4.2.1 Gothic morphology144

4.2.2 Morphology of the North Germanic languages145

4.2.2.1 Old Scandinavian145

4.2.2.2 Comparison between Old Scandinavian and the Romance languages146

4.2.2.3 Modem Icelandic148

4.2.2.4 Mainland Scandinavian languages150

4.2.3 Morphology of the West Germanic languages152

4.2.3.1 German morphology152

4.2.3.2 Morphological development in English155

4.3 Syntactic Comparison of the North Germanic Languages156

4.3.1 Old Scandinavian157

4.3.1.1 Unset head parameter value157

4.3.1.2 Free word order161

4.3.1.3 Syntactic effects of morphological development163

4.3.2 Similarities in the modem Scandinavian languages165

4.3.2.1 Head parameter value165

4.3.2.2 Verb second constraint166

4.3.2.3 Fixed subject position169

4.3.3 Differences in the modem Scandinavian languages172

4.3.4 EMCs in Scandinavian177

4.4 Syntax of the West Germanic Languages182

4.4.1 German182

4.4.1.1 V-to-C movement182

4.4.1.2 V-to-T movement187

4.4.2 English188

4.4.2.1 V-to-T movement in Old English188

4.4.2.2 Loss of V-to-T movement in Modem English192

4.4.2.3 Base-generated position of be and have193

4.4.2.4 Loss of OV pattern in Modem English195

4.5 Conclusion196

Chapter 5 Null Subject Permission198

5.0 Introduction198

5.1 Main Proposals on Subject Omission199

5.1.1 Classification of agreement paradigms199

5.1.2 Licensing conditions of difierent null subjects201

5.1.3 Loss of empty topics203

5.1.4 Re-interpretation of topics206

5.2 Full-null-subject Languages vs.Non-null-subject Languages208

5.2.1 Full-null-subject languages208

5.2.2 Non-null-subject languages212

5.3 Semi-null-subject Languages216

5.3.1 Old Scandinavian and Modem Icelandic217

5.3.2 Modem German223

5.4 Conclusion225

Conclusion227

Bibliography241

Acknowledgements249