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第一章　绪论INTRODUCTION1

一、口腔颌面外科的定义和内容Definition and contents of oral and maxillofacial surgery1

二、我国口腔颌面外科简史Briefhistory of oral and maxillofacial surgery in China2

三、我国口腔颌面外科的发展及特点Development and characteristics of oral and maxillofacial surgery in China4

四、口腔颌面外科和相关学科的关系Relationship between oral and maxillofacial surgery and related disciplines5

五、口腔颌面外科发展展望Development trends of oral and maxillofacial surgery5

第二章　口腔颌面外科临床检查与基本操作THE CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS AND BASIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUES OF ORAL AND MAXILL OF ACIAL SURGERY8

第一节 口腔颌面外科临床检查Clinical examinations of oral and maxillofacial surgery8

一、一般检查General examinations8

二、辅助检查Auxiliary examinations15

第二节 消毒和灭菌Disinfections and sterilization19

一、手术室与手术器材的消毒灭菌Disinfections and sterilization of the operation room and surgical armamentarium20

二、手术者的消毒Disinfections of surgical team21

三、手术区的消毒灭菌Disinfections and sterilization of surgical area21

第三节 手术基本操作Basic techniques of operations25

一、显露Exposure of surgical field25

二、止血Hemostasis26

三、解剖分离Dissection28

四、打结Surgical knot28

五、缝合Suture30

六、引流Drainage36

第四节 创口的处理Treatment of surgical wound38

一、创口愈合的过程Healing of surgical wound38

二、临床创口分类Clinical classification of surgical wounds39

三、各类创口的处理原则Principles of treating different kinds of wound39

四、换药的基本原则Basic principles of dressing change40

五、换药的注意事项Precautions of dressing change40

六、绷带应用技术Application of bandage40

第三章　麻醉学ANESTHESIOLOGY45

第一节 局部麻醉Local anesthesia45

一、局部麻醉药Local anesthetics46

二、局部麻醉的方法Methods of local anesthesia49

三、局部麻醉的并发症Complications of local anesthesia60

第二节　全身麻醉General anesthesia63

一、口腔颌面外科全身麻醉的特殊性Characteristics of general anesthesia for oral and maxillofacial surgery63

二、全身麻醉方法Methods of general anesthesia65

三、ASA分级ASA physical status67

四、麻醉并发症及处理Anesthetic complications and management67

五、心脏骤停和心肺复苏Cardial arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation（CPR）68

六、困难气管内插管Difficult endotracheal intubation71

第三节　疼痛与镇痛Pain and analgesia72

一、疼痛的定义和分类Definition and classification of pain73

二、疼痛过程Pain process73

三、疼痛的测量方法Pain measurement78

四、疼痛的临床特征Clinical features of pain79

五、疼痛的治疗Paintherapy81

第四章　牙及牙槽外科DENTAL AND ALVEOLAR SURGERY85

第一节 牙拔除术Extraction of tooth85

一、概述Principles of tooth extraction85

二、术前评估Preoperative evaluation86

三、术前准备Preparation90

四、拔牙器械和用法Instruments for extraction of tooth91

五、拔牙基本步骤Basic procedures for extraction96

六、各类牙的拔出法特点Specific techniques for removal of each tooth97

七、牙根拔除术Root extraction100

八、拔牙创的愈合Normal healing of extraction wounds105

九、并发症Complications106

第二节 阻生牙拔除术Removal of impacted teeth113

一、下颌阻生第三磨牙拔除术Removal of impacted mandibular thired molar114

二、上颌阻生第三磨牙拔除术Removal of impacted maxillary thired molar122

三、上颌阻生尖牙拔除术Removal of impacted maxillary canine124

第三节 牙再植与牙移植Replantation and transplantation of teeth125

一、牙再植Replantation of teeth125

二、牙移植Transplantation of teeth127

第四节 牙槽突外科Alveolar surgery128

一、修复前外科Preprosthetic surgery128

二、其他牙槽外科手术Other operations in alveolar surgery133

第五章　口腔种植外科ORAL IMPLANT SURGERY137

第一节 简要历史背景History and background137

第二节 骨结合与其生物学基础Osseointegration and its biological fundamentals139

第三节 当代口腔种植系统的分类Classifications of dental implant system142

一、根形种植体及其分类Root form implant and classification142

二、种植体设计的趋势Trend of implant design145

三、种植系统的选择Selection of implant system145

第四节 口腔种植治疗的准备与计划Pre-operative preparation and treatment planning146

一、基本条件Essentials of dental implant146

二、病人的选择Selection of patients146

三、检查与诊断Examination and diagnosis147

四、研究模型Model analysis148

五、X线检查与排除X线放大率Radiological examination and exclusion of the magnification148

六、种植体的位置与轴向Position and axis of implant149

七、外科引导颌板Surgical guide plate149

八、多牙缺失的治疗设计Implant planning in multi-teeth missing149

九、其他特殊考虑Some special considerations150

第五节 种植外科基本手术Principles of implant surgery151

一、基本原则Basic principles151

二、外科切口Surgical incision151

三、逐级备洞Graded drilling152

四、植入种植体Placement of implant152

五、关闭伤口Wound closure152

六、种植Ⅱ期手术Second stage operation152

第六节 颌骨不同区域的种植外科技术Implant placement in different area of jaws153

一、下颌无牙颌种植Implant placement in edentulous jaws153

二、下颌后牙区种植术Implant placement in posterior mandible154

三、上颌前牙区单牙位种植Single implant placement in front maxilla154

四、前牙多牙缺失的种植修复Multi-implant placements in front maxilla156

五、上颌后牙区种植术Implant placement in posterior maxilla157

第七节 种植外科的并发症Complications of implant surgery157

一、出血Hemorrhage158

二、神经损伤Nerve injury158

三、上颌窦黏膜穿孔Perforation of sinus membrane158

四、邻牙损伤Adjacent teeth injury158

五、颌骨骨折Mandible fracture158

六、器械误吞Swallow of instrument158

七、软组织裂开Dehiscence159

八、术后血肿Hematoma159

九、术后感染Infection159

十、种植体松动Implant lossening159

第六章 口腔颌面部感染INFECTIONS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REGIONS163

第一节 概论Conspectus163

一、口腔颌面部感染的特点Characteristics of infections in oral and maxillofacial regions164

第二节 抗菌药物在抗感染中的应用Application of antibiotics in treatment of infections of oral and maxillofacial regions170

一、抗菌药物的作用机制Mechanism of antibacterial170

二、药物敏感试验及其临床价值Drug sensitivity test and its clinical value171

三、抗菌药物的耐药性Drug resistance of antibiotics172

四、抗菌药物的不良反应及防治Adverse reactions of antibiotics and its management172

五、抗菌药物的合理应用Application of antibiotics175

六、常用抗菌药物Common antibiotics178

第三节 智牙冠周炎Pericoronitis183

第四节 面颈部淋巴结炎Faciocervical lymphnoditis185

第五节 面部疖痈Furuncle and carbuncle of face187

第六节 口腔颌面部间隙感染Oral and maxillofacial space infection190

一、眶下间隙感染Infraorbital space infection190

二、颊间隙感染Buccal space infection191

三、颞间隙感染Temporal space infection193

四、颞下间隙感染Infratemporal space infection194

五、咬肌间隙感染Masseteric space infection195

六、翼下颌间隙感染Pterygomandibular space infection196

七、舌下间隙感染Sublingual space infection197

八、咽旁间隙感染Parapharyngeal space infection198

九、下颌下间隙感染Submandibular space infection199

十、颏下间隙感染Submental space infection200

十一、口底多间隙感染Cellulitis of floor of mouth201

第七节 颌骨骨髓炎Osteomyelitis of jaws203

一、化脓性颌骨骨髓炎Suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws203

二、新生儿颌骨骨髓炎Infantile osteomyelitis of jaw211

三、放射性颌骨坏死（骨髓炎）Osteoradionecrosis of jaws212

第八节 口腔颌面部特异性感染Specific infection in oral and maxillofacial regions214

一、颌面骨结核Tuberculosis of facial and jaw bones214

二、颌面部放线菌病Actinomycosis of maxillofacial region215

三、颌面部梅毒Syphilis of maxillofacial region216

第七章　口腔颌面部创伤ORALAND MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA220

第一节 概论Conspectus220

一、口腔颌面部创伤的流行病学趋势Epidemiologic tendency of oral and maxillofacial trauma220

二、口腔颌面部创伤的分类Classification of oral and maxillofacial trauma221

三、创伤评分Trauma scoring222

四、口腔颌面部创伤的特点Features of oral and maxillofacial trauma223

五、颌面部交通事故伤Maxillofacial traffic injuries224

第二节 伤情判断与急救Initial assessment of injury and emergency management225

一、院前急救与伤员运送Prehospital urgent care and transfer of patients226

二、伤情判断与复苏Primary assessment of injury severity and resuscitation226

三、合并颅脑损伤的处理Management of craniocerebral injury233

四、合并颈椎损伤的处理Management of cervical spine injury234

五、合并胸腹、四肢损伤的处理Management of chest,abdomen and extremity injury235

第三节 软组织损伤的清创与早期修复Debridement and primary repair of soft tissue injury235

一、软组织开放性损伤的清创术Debridement of soft tissue open injury236

二、软组织损伤的分类处理Surgical treatment of soft tissue injury236

三、特殊结构损伤的处理Special consideration of management for unique structure injury238

四、颌面部异物的摘除Removal of foreign body240

第四节 牙及牙槽突损伤Dental and alveolar injury242

一、牙折断Tooth fracture243

二、牙脱位Tooth dislocation244

三、牙槽突骨折Alveolar fracture244

第五节 颌面部骨折的诊断与治疗Diagnosis and treatment of maxillofacial fractures246

一、诊断Diagnosis246

二、治疗原则Principles of treatment249

三、骨折复位Reduction of fractures249

四、骨折固定Fixation of fractures250

五、骨折愈合Fracture healing254

第六节 下颌骨骨折Mandibular fracture255

一、临床分类Clinical classification255

二、临床表现Clinical presentation256

三、骨折治疗Treatment of fractures258

四、陈旧性骨折的治疗Treatment of old fractures264

第七节 面中部骨折Midfacial fractures266

一、上颌骨骨折Maxillary fracture266

二、颧骨、颧弓骨折Zygoma and zygomatic arch fracture268

三、眼眶骨折Orbital fracture272

四、鼻眶筛区骨折Naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture273

第八节 口腔颌面部战伤Oral and maxillofacial war injuries276

一、火器伤Firearm wound276

二、核武器伤Nuclear wound279

三、化学武器伤Chemical weapon wound280

四、烧伤Burn wound280

第八章 口腔颌面部肿瘤TUMORS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REGIONS285

第一节 概论Conspectus285

一、临床流行病学Clinical epidemiology285

二、病因Etiology287

三、口腔颌面部肿瘤的临床表现Clinical manifestations of oral and maxillofacial tumors290

四、口腔颌面部肿瘤的诊断Diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial tumors291

五、口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗Treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumor295

六、口腔颌面部肿瘤的预防Prevention of oral and maxillofacial tumors314

第二节 口腔颌面部囊肿Cysts of oral and maxillofacial regions316

一、软组织囊肿Cysts of soft tissues316

二、颌骨囊肿Cysts of the jaws319

第三节 良性肿瘤和瘤样病变Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions323

一、色素斑痣Nevi323

二、牙龈瘤Epulis324

三、纤维瘤Fibroma325

四、牙源性肿瘤Odontogenic tumors326

五、血管瘤与血管畸形Hemangioma and vascular malformations330

六、淋巴管瘤Lymphangioma332

七、神经源性肿瘤Neurogenic tumors333

八、颈动脉体瘤Carotid body tumor334

九、嗜酸性粒细胞增生性淋巴肉芽肿Eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma335

十、骨源性肿瘤及瘤样病变Osteogenic tumors and tumor-like lesions336

第四节 恶性肿瘤Malignat tumors339

一、唇癌Carcinoma of the lip339

二、舌癌Carcinoma of the tongue339

三、牙龈癌Carcinoma of the gingiva340

四、口底癌Carcinoma of the floor of mouth341

五、颊黏膜癌Carcinoma of the buccal mucosa342

六、腭癌Carcinoma of the palate342

七、口咽癌Carcinoma of the oropharynx343

八、面部皮肤癌Carcinoma of the facial skin344

九、上颌窦癌Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus344

十、中央性颌骨癌Central carcinoma of the jaws345

十一、骨源性肉瘤Osteogenic sarcoma346

十二、颌骨转移性肿瘤Metastatic tumors of the jaws347

十三、恶性淋巴瘤Malignant lymphoma347

十四、恶性黑色素瘤Malignant melanoma349

十五、浆细胞肉瘤Plasma cell sarcoma350

十六、恶性肉芽肿Malignant granuloma350

第五节 原发灶不明的颈部淋巴结转移癌Metastatic carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes from unknown primary sites351

第六节 头颈部多原发癌Multiple primary carcinomas in head and neck352

第九章 唾液腺疾病DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS356

第一节 唾液腺炎症Sialadenitis356

一、急性化脓性腮腺炎Acute suppurative parotitis357

二、慢性复发性腮腺炎Chronic recurrent parotitis360

三、慢性阻塞性腮腺炎Chronic obstructive parotitis361

四、涎石病和下颌下腺炎Sialolithiasis and sialadenitis of submandibular gland362

五、唾液腺特异性感染Special infection of salivary glands366

第二节 唾液腺损伤和涎瘘Trauma of salivary glands and salivary fistula368

第三节 舍格伦综合征Sj？gren's syndrome371

第四节 唾液腺瘤样病变Tumor-like lesions of salivary glands375

一、唾液腺黏液囊肿Mucocele376

二、腮腺囊肿Parotid cyst378

三、唾液腺良性肥大Sialadenosis379

第五节 唾液腺肿瘤Salivary gland tumors380

一、诊治原则Principles of diagnosis and treatment381

二、多形性腺瘤Pleomorphic adenoma387

三、沃辛瘤Warthin's tumor387

四、黏液表皮样癌Mucoepidermoid carcinoma388

五、腺样囊性癌Adenoid cystic carcinoma388

第十章　颞下颌关节疾病TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASES393

第一节 颞下颌关节疾病的分类Classification of the temporomandibular joint diseases393

第二节 颞下颌关节紊乱病Temporomandibular disorders395

第三节 颞下颌关节脱位Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint407

一、急性前脱位Acute forward dislocation408

二、复发性脱位Recurrent dislocation410

三、陈旧性脱位Old dislocation410

第四节 颞下颌关节强直Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint411

一、关节内强直Intracapsular ankylosis411

二、关节外强直Extracapsular ankylosis414

三、混合性强直Mixed ankylosis416

第五节 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome417

第十一章　口腔颌面部神经疾患NEURAL DISEASES OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REGIONS430

第一节 三叉神经痛Trigeminal neuralgia430

一、经典性三叉神经痛Primary trigeminal neuralgia431

二、症状性三叉神经痛Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia445

第二节 舌咽神经痛Glossopharyngeal neuralgia446

一、经典性舌咽神经痛Primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia446

二、症状性舌咽神经痛Symptomatic glossopharyngeal neuralgia448

第三节 面神经疾患Diseases of facial nerve449

一、创伤性面神经损伤Traumatic facial nerve injury450

二、贝尔麻痹Bell's palsy457

三、面肌痉挛Facial spasm460

第十二章　先天性唇腭裂和面裂CONGENITAL CLEFT LIP/PALATE AND FACIAL CLEFT464

第一节 发病因素及流行病学Epidemiology and etiology464

一、唇腭裂与遗传Genetics of cleft lip and palate464

二、唇腭裂与环境危险因素Environmental risk factors and cleft lip and palate465

三、唇腭裂与营养Maternal nutrition of cleft lip and palate465

四、唇腭裂的流行病学Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate465

第二节 唇腭裂的胚胎学发生和分类Embryology and classification of cleft lip and palate467

一、原始腭的形成与唇裂的发生Formation of the primary palate and cleft lip467

二、腭的形成与腭裂的发生Palatogenesis and cleft palate467

三、唇腭裂的分类Classification of cleft lip and palate469

第三节 唇裂Cleft lip472

一、唇裂的病理解剖Anatomy of cleft lip472

二、唇裂手术的术前准备及术后护理Pre-operation and post-operation care for cleft lip patients474

三、唇裂手术的基本方法Basic techniques of cleft lip repairing475

四、唇裂术后继发畸形Secondary deformity479

第四节 其他面裂Other facial clefts481

一、面裂的分类Classification of facial cleft481

二、几种常见的面裂畸形及修复Deformity of facial cleft and surgical correction482

三、面裂的修复原则Principles of facial cleft repairing483

第五节 腭裂Cleft palate484

一、正常腭部的解剖生理Anatomy and physiology of palate484

二、腭裂腭部的解剖生理Anatomy and physiology of cleft palate486

三、腭裂修复术的术前准备及术后护理Preoperation prepare and postoperation care for cleft palate surgery488

四、腭裂手术的基本方法Procedures of cleft palate operation489

五、腭裂术后并发症及处理Complications of cleft palate operation and management491

第六节 唇腭裂的牙槽嵴植骨Alveolar bone grafting for cleft lip and palate deformity493

一、唇腭裂的牙槽嵴裂畸形及牙槽突植骨的目的Aim of alveolar bone grafting on cleft lip and palate deformity493

二、牙槽嵴裂植骨术的适应证及术前准备Indications of alveolar bone grafting and preoperation prepare496

三、牙槽嵴裂植骨的手术操作Operation procedures of alveolar bone grafting496

四、牙槽嵴裂植骨术的术后护理及术后并发症Complications and postoperation care of alveolar bone grafting498

五、牙槽突植骨术后的效果评价Outcome evaluation499

第七节 腭咽闭合和腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全Velopharyngeal closure and velopharyngeal incompetence after cleft palate repairing501

一、腭咽腔的解剖与生理功能Anatomy and physiology of velopharynx cavity501

二、咽部肌肉Pharyngeal muscles502

三、发音时腭咽闭合功能的评价Evaluation of velopharyngeal function during speaking503

四、腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的治疗Management of velopharyngeal incompetence504

第八节 腭裂语音的特点及语音治疗Cleft palate speech and speech therapy508

一、发音器官Organs of articulation508

二、普通话特点Features of putonghua509

三、腭裂畸形的语音特点Features of cleft palate speech511

四、腭裂的语音治疗Speech therapy for cleft palate speech512

第九节 与唇腭裂有关的综合征Syndromes related with cleft lip and palate514

一、Pierre Robin序列征Pierre Robin sequence514

二、腭-心-面综合征Velo-cardio-facial syndrome515

三、唇腭裂-下唇旁正中瘘Van derWoude syndrome515

四、遗传性关节-眼病Stickler syndrome516

第十节 唇腭裂序列治疗Multidisciplinary treatment for cleft lip and palate518

一、唇腭裂治疗组专家组成和作用Members ofcleft lip and palate team and function518

二、唇腭裂序列治疗的内容Concept of multidisciplinary treatment for cleft lip and palate519

三、唇腭裂治疗的时间序列及原则Principle and time table for multidisciplinany treatment520

第十三章 牙颌面畸形ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DEFORMITIES522

第一节 病因与临床分类Pathogenesis and clinical classification522

一、病因Pathogenesis523

二、临床分类Clinical classification524

第二节 临床检查与诊断Clinical examination and diagnosis526

一、临床检查Physical examination526

二、X线头影测量分析Cephalometric analysis529

第三节 矫治方案设计Design of surgical corrective procedures538

一、矫治方案设计的基本原则Basic principle of treatment538

二、术前、后的正畸治疗Preoperative and postoperative orthodontic therapy538

三、正颌外科术前面型预测分析Preoperative prediction of facial form538

四、模型外科Model surgery540

第四节 正颌外科常用的手术方法Common surgical prccedures of orthognathic surgery542

一、上颌LeFort I型截骨术Le Fort I osteotomy543

二、下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术Sagittal split ramus osteotomy（SSRO）546

三、口内进路水平截骨颏成形术Intraoral horizontal osteotomy genioplasty548

第十四章 颌骨牵引成骨技术DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS FOR JAWS552

第一节 概述General introduction552

一、简要发展历史Brief development history552

二、牵引成骨的基本原理Basic principles of distraction osteogenesis554

第二节 颌骨牵引成骨的临床应用Clinical application of disfraction osteogenesis for jaws555

一、颌骨牵引器Distraction devices for jaws555

二、颌骨牵引成骨的临床分期Clinical staging of distraction osteogenesis for jaws558

三、颌骨牵引成骨的适应证Indications of distraction osteogenesis for jaws558

四、患者的选择Select of patients561

五、操作程序及方法Operative procedures and methods564

六、颌骨牵引成骨的并发症及其对下牙槽神经及颞下颌关节的影响Complications of distraction osteogenesis for jaws and the influnence on mandibular alveolar nerve and teaporomandibular joint565

七、展望Prospect565

第十五章 口腔颌面部获得性缺损与重建ACQUIRED DEFECT AND RECONSTRUCTION IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REGION568

第一节 概论Generality568

一、致畸因素Etiology568

二、诊断与治疗Diagnosis and treatment569

第二节 组织移植Tissue transplantation570

一、皮肤移植Skin graft570

二、真皮及脂肪移植Dermis-fat transplantation574

三、黏膜移植Mucosa transplantation574

四、皮瓣移植Flap transplantation575

五、肌肉瓣和肌皮瓣移植Muscular and myocutaneous flap transplantations578

六、复合移植Composite transplantation584

七、骨移植Bone graft584

八、软骨移植Cartilage transplantation graft586

九、神经移植Nerve transplantation587

十、组织扩张器Tissue expander587

第三节 显微外科Microsurgery589

一、显微外科的基本原则Basic principles of microsurgery590

二、显微神经外科Microneurosurgery590

三、口腔颌面部常用的游离组织瓣Common free flaps used in oral and maxillofacial regions591

第四节 各类畸形和缺损的修复Correction of different malformations and defects602

一、口角歪斜Distortion of commissure603

二、小口畸形Microstomia603

三、唇外翻或内卷Lip ectropion or inuersion604

四、唇红缺损Defect of vermilion605

五、面颊部皮肤缺损Faciobuccal skin defect606

六、鼻畸形及缺损Nasal malformations and defect607

七、耳、眼睑及其他缺损与畸形Malformations and defects of ear、eyelid and other structures609

八、颊黏膜缺损的修复Reconstruction of buccal mucosa defect613

九、舌缺损的修复Reconstruction of lingual defect613

十、口底缺损的修复Restoration of defect of floor of mouth614

十一、软腭缺损的修复Restoration of soft palate defect614

十二、下颌骨缺损的修复Reconstruction of mandibular defect615

十三、上颌骨缺损的修复Reconstruction of maxillary defect616