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Chapter One Access to Civil Aviation1

1.1 Aviation History1

1.1.1 Lighter-than-air Period1

1.1.2 Heavier-than-air Period2

1.2 Civil Aviation,General Aviation and Military Aviation5

1.2.1 Civil Aviation5

1.2.2 General Aviation6

1.2.3 Military Aviation7

1.3 Civil Aviation in China9

1.3.1 Development of Civil Aviation in China9

1.3.2 Concerning Statistics and Layout Plan11

1.3.3 Ground Equipment and ATC12

1.4 ICAO,CAAC and PEPEC14

1.4.1 International Civil Aviation Organization14

1.4.2 Responsibility and Origin of CAAC15

1.4.3 CAAC and Flight Service16

1.4.4 Pilot English Proficiency Examination of China16

Chapter Two Aircraft and Aerodynamics20

2.1 Brief Introduction to Aircraft20

2.1.1 Classification of Aircraft20

2.1.2 Uses for Aircraft23

2.2 Main Components of Airplane25

2.2.1 Fuselage26

2.2.2 Wings26

2.2.3 Empennage27

2.2.4 Landing Gear27

2.2.5 Powerplant28

2.3 Aerodynamic Forces30

2.3.1 Four Aerodynamic Forces30

2.3.2 Terms Affecting the Generation of Lift31

2.3.3 The Creation of Lift32

2.4 Wake Turbulence34

2.4.1Wake Turbulence34

2.4.2 Wingtip Vortices and Effect to Flight35

2.4.3 Wake Turbulence Avoidance36

2.5 Ground Effect38

2.5.1 Generation and Characteristics38

2.5.2 Principle of Ground Effect39

2.5.3 Effect to Takeoff39

2.5.4 Effect to Landing40

2.5.5 Ground Effect Vehicles40

Chapter Three Aircraft Systems42

3.1 Flight Controls42

3.1.1 Axes of Motion42

3.1.2 Main Control Surfaces43

3.1.3 Secondary Control Surfaces45

3.2 Electrical System47

3.2.1 Application of Electrical System47

3.2.2 Electrical System Components and Gauges48

3.2.3 Electrical System Gauges50

3.3 Hydraulic System52

3.3.1 General Remarks52

3.3.2Advantages and Application53

3.3.3 Operation of Airplane Hydraulic System53

3.3.4 Hydraulic Fluid54

3.3.5 Hydraulic Systems on Boeing 737 and Boeing 74754

3.4 Oxygen System55

3.4.1 General Review55

3.4.2 Necessity of Oxygen Regulator56

3.4.3 Oxygen Masks for Pilots56

3.4.4 Passenger Masks and Emergency Oxygen System57

3.4.5 Precaution and Inspection for Oxygen System Security58

3.5 Fuel System60

3.5.1 Basics about Fuel System60

3.5.2 Two General Types of Fuel System60

3.5.3 Fuel Primer,Fuel Tanks and Carburetor61

3.5.4 Fuel Gauges62

3.6 Oil System64

3.6.1 Functions of Oil System64

3.6.2 Oil System Gauges64

3.6.3 Types of Oil System66

3.6.4 Types of Aircraft Oil66

3.7 Powerplant System68

3.7.1 Main Components of Piston Engine68

3.7.2 Basic Working Principles of Piston Engine68

3.7.3 Four Strokes of Piston Engine69

3.7.4 Jet Engine70

3.7.5 Main Types of Jet Engine70

3.7.6 Working Theory of Jet Engine73

3.8 Air Navigation75

3.8.1 Introduction to Air Navigation75

3.8.2 Pilotage75

3.8.3 Dead Reckoning76

3.8.4 Radio Navigation77

3.8.5 Flight Navigator79

3.9 Analogue Flight Instruments81

3.9.1 Analogue Flight Instruments81

3.9.2 T-arrangement on Instrument Panel83

3.10 Electronic Flight Instrument System85

3.10.1 Basic Information about Electronic Flight Instrument System85

3.10.2 Primary Flight Display（PFD）85

3.10.3 Multi-function Display（MFD）86

3.10.4 EICAS and ECAM86

3.10.5 Advantages of EFIS87

Chapter Four Terminal Issues89

4.1 Airport89

4.1.1 Infrastructure and Naming89

4.1.2 Airport Conceming Issues90

4.1.3 Airport Facilities91

4.1.4Airport Safety Management92

4.2 Runway94

4.2.1 Runway Naming and Designation94

4.2.2 Dimensions and Declared Distances95

4.2.3 Sections and Markings of Runway96

4.2.4 Types of Runway97

4.2.5 Active Runway and Airport Lighting97

4.3 Takeoff99

4.3.1 Three Phases of Takeoff99

4.3.2 Consideration Prior to Takeoff100

4.3.3 Power Settings for Takeoff100

4.3.4 Required Takeoff Speed101

4.4 Landing103

4.4.1 Landing Sequence and Traffic Pattern103

4.4.2 Favorable Conditions and Affecting Factors for Landing Performance104

4.4.3 Go Around105

4.4.4 Types of Emergency Landing105

4.5 Air Traffic Control108

4.5.1 Primary Functions of ATC108

4.5.2 Language and Operation Process of ATC109

4.5.3 Main Factors Affecting ATC110

Chapter Five Aviation Safety112

5.1 Air Safety112

5.1.1 Causes of Air Accidents112

5.1.2 Efforts Made to Ensure Air Safety113

5.1.3 Concerning Air Laws114

5.2 Foreign Object Damage115

5.2.1 FOD Basics115

5.2.2 Reasons for Causing FOD116

5.2.3 Measures Countering FOD117

5.2.4 Specific Examples117

5.3 Bird Strike119

5.3.1 General Remarks119

5.3.2 Event and Impact Description119

5.3.3 Countermeasures121

5.3.4 Incidents122

5.4 Runway Incursion123

5.4.1 Runway Incursion Overview123

5.4.2 Causal Factors of Runway Incursions124

5.4.3 Runway Confusion and Causal Factors125

5.4.4 Notable Examples125

5.5 Meteorology128

5.5.1 Wind-shear128

5.5.2 Turbulence128

5.5.3 Icing129

5.5.4 Visibility130

5.5.5 Lightning130

5.6 Collision and Near Miss132

5.6.1 Mid-air Collision132

5.6.2 Ground Collision133

5.6.3 Traffic Collision Avoidance System134

5.6.4 Near Miss134

5.6.5 Possible Reasons for Collision135

Chapter Six Modern Aircraft137

6.1 Boeing 787 Dreamliner137

6.1.1 Production and Marketing137

6.1.2 Flight Systems and Engines of Boeing 787138

6.1.3 Variants of Boeing 787139

6.1.4 Boeing 787 Incidents and Operational Problems141

6.2 Airbus A380143

6.2.1 Production and Marketing143

6.2.2 Design of A380143

6.2.3 Variants of A380145

6.2.4 Incidents and Accidents146

Chapter Seven Numbers,Letters and Call Signs148

7.1 Numbers148

7.2 Letters150

7.3 Call Sign152

7.4 ATIS155

7.5 Radio Check157

7.6 Ground Control160

7.7 Control Tower162

7.8 Communication Techniques164

Chapter Eight Radio Communication on Normal Flight166

8.1 Pushback166

8.2 Startup171

8.3 Taxi174

8.4 Departure178

8.5 Climb183

8.6 Cruise186

8.7 En Route190

8.8 Descent194

8.9 Arrival198

Chapter Nine Abnormal Flight：Operational Failure202

9.1 Undercarriage Malfunction202

9.1.1 Accidents Interpretation：JetBlue Airways Flight 292202

9.1.2 Simulated Dialogue on Undercarriage Malfunction203

9.2 Improper Wing Configuration206

9.2.1 Accidents Interpretation：Spanair Flight 5022206

9.2.2 Simulated Dialogue on Improper Wing Configuration207

9.3 Fuel Exhaustion210

9.3.1 Accidents Interpretation：United Airlines Flight 173210

9.3.2 Simulated Dialogue on Fuel Exhaustion211

9.4 Loss of Control213

9.4.1 Accidents Interpretation：American Eagle Flight 4184213

9.4.2 Simulated Dialogue on Loss of Control215

Chapter Ten Abnormal Flight：Unexpected Events218

10.1 Bird Strike218

10.1.1 Accidents Interpretation：US Airways Flight 1549218

10.1.2 Simulated Dialogue on Bird Strike219

10.2 In-flight Fire222

10.2.1 Accidents Interpretation：Saudia Flight 163222

10.2.2 Simulated Dialogue on In-flight Fire223

10.3 Depressurization225

10.3.1 Accidents Interpretation：BOAC Flight 781225

10.3.2 Simulated Dialogue on Depressurization227

10.4 Foreign Object Damage229

10.4.1 Air Accidents Interpretation：Air France Flight 4590229

10.4.2 Simulated Dialogue on Foreign Object Damage230

Chapter Eleven Abnormal Flight：Adverse Weather233

11.1 Wind and Poor Visibility233

11.1.1 Accidents Interpretation：Air France Flight 358233

11.1.2 Simulated Dialogue on Wind Depressurization and Poor Visibility234

11.2 Turbulence237

11.2.1 Accidents Interpretation：United Airlines Flight 826237

11.2.2 Simulated Dialogue on Turbulence238

11.3 Atmospheric Icing240

11.3.1 Accidents Interpretation：Arrow Air Flight 1285240

11.3.2 Simulated Dialogue on Icing241

11.4 Lightning Strike243

11.4.1 Air Accidents Interpretation：Pan Am Flight 214243

11.4.2 Simulated Dialogue on Lightning Strike245

Chapter Twelve Abnormal Flight：System Malfunction247

12.1 Hydraulic System Failure247

12.1.1 Accidents Interpretation：LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16247

12.1.2 Simulation Dialogue on Hydraulic System Failure248

12.2 Communication Failure250

12.2.1 Air Accidents Interpretation：Tenerife Airport Disaster250

12.2.2 Simulation Dialogue on Communication Failure251

12.3 Electrical Failure253

12.3.1 Air Accidents Interpretation：Kenya Airways Flight 431253

12.3.2 Simulated Dialogue on Elecytical Failure255

12.4 Engine Failure257

12.4.1 Accidents Interpretation：Qantas Flight 32257

12.4.2 Simulated Dialogue on Engine Failure258

Bibliography260