废水工程 处理与回用 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Wastewater Engineering:An Overview1

1-1 Terminology3

1-2 Impact of Regulations on Wastewater Engineering3

1-3 Health and Environmental Concerns in Wastewater Management7

1-4 Wastewater Characteristics9

Improved Analytical Techniques10

Importance of Improved Wastewater Characterization10

1-5 Wastewater Treatment10

Treatment Methods11

Current Status12

New Directions and Concerns15

1-6 Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse20

Future Trends in Wastewater Treatment20

Current Status21

New Directions and Concerns21

Future Trends in Technology21

1-7 Biosolids and Residuals Management22

Current Status22

New Directions and Concerns23

Future Trends in Biosolids Processing23

2 Constituents in Wastewater27

Sampling29

2-2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures29

Constituents of Concern in Wastewater Treatment29

Constituents Found in Wastewater29

2-1 Wastewater Constituents29

Methods of Analysis34

Units of Measurement for Physical and Chemical Parameters35

Useful Chemical Relationships35

2-3 Physical Characteristics42

Solids42

Particle Size Distribution48

Turbidity51

Color52

Absorption/Transmittance52

Temperature54

Conductivity56

Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Weight56

2-4 Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents57

pH57

Chlorides59

Alkalinity59

Nitrogen60

Phosphorus63

Sulfur64

Gases64

Odors70

Sampling and Methods of Analysis77

Sources of Metals77

Importance of Metals77

2-5 Metallic Constituents77

Typical Effluent Discharge Limits for Metals78

2-6 Aggregate Organic Constituents80

Measurement of Organic Content81

Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)81

Total and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD and SCOD)93

Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon(TOC and DTOC)94

UV-Absorbing Organic Constituents95

Theoretical Oxygen Demand(ThOD)96

Interrelationships between BOD, COD,and TOC96

Surfactants98

Oil and Grease98

2-7 Individual Organic Compounds99

Priority Pollutants99

Analysis of Individual Organic Compounds100

Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)100

Disinfection Byproducts102

Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals102

Emerging Organic Compounds102

2-8 Biological Characteristics104

Microorganisms Found in Surface Waters and Wastewater104

Pathogenic Organisms109

Use of Indicator Organisms115

Enumeration and Identification of Bacteria118

Enumeration and Identification of Viruses126

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)129

Development of Microorganisms Typing Techniques130

New and Reemerging Microorganisms130

2-9 Toxicity Tests130

Toxicity Terminology131

Toxicity Testing133

Analysis of Toxicity Test Results134

Application of Toxicity Test Results136

Identification of Toxicity Components137

3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings153

3-1 Components of Wastewater Flows154

3-2 Wastewater Sources and Flowrates154

Domestic Wastewater Sources and Flowrates155

Strategies for Reducing Interior Water Use and Wastewater Flowrates158

Water Use in Developing Countries162

Sources and Rates of Industrial(Nondomestic)Wastewater Flows162

Infiltration/Inflow163

Exfiltration from Collection Systems167

Combined System Flowrates168

3-3 Statistical Analysis of Flowrates,Constituent Concentrations, and Mass Loadings170

Common Statistical Parameters170

Graphical Analysis of Data171

3-4 Analysis of Wastewater Flowrate Data178

Definition of Terms178

Variations in Wastewater Flowrates179

Wastewater Flowrate Factors180

Wastewater Constituent Concentrations181

3-5 Analysis of Constituent Mass Loading Data181

Variations in Constituent Concentrations185

Flow-Weighted Constituent Concentrations192

Calculation of Mass Loadings194

Effect of Mass Loading Variability on Treatment Plant Performance197

3-6 Selection of Design Flowrates and Mass Loadings197

Design Flowrates199

Design Mass Loadings205

4 Introduction to Process Analysis and Selection215

4-1 Reactors Used for the Treatment of Wastewater218

Types of Reactors218

Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors220

Application of Reactors220

4-2 Mass-Balance Analysis222

The Mass-Balance Principle222

Preparation of Mass Balances224

Application of the Mass-Balance Analysis224

Steady-State Simplification225

4-3 Modeling Ideal Flow in Reactors226

Ideal Flow in Complete-Mix Reactor226

Ideal Flow in Plug-Flow Reactor227

4-4 Analysis of Nonideal Flow in Reactors Using Tracers229

Factors Leading to Nonideal Flow in Reactors229

Conduct of Tracer Tests231

Types of Tracers231

Need for Tracer Analysis231

Analysis of Tracer Response Curves233

Practical Interpretation of Tracer Measurements242

4-5 Modeling Nonideal Flow in Reactors245

The Distinction between Molecular Diffusion, Turbulent Diffusion, and Dispersion245

Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion246

Complete-Mix Reactors in Series252

4-6 Reactions, Reaction Rates, and Reaction Rate Coefficients257

Types of Reactions257

Rate of Reaction258

Reaction Order259

Types of Rate Expressions260

Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rate Coefficients261

Rate Expressions Used in Environmental Modeling261

Analysis of Reaction Rate Coefficients264

4-7 Modeling Treatment Process Kinetics269

Batch Reactor with Reaction269

Complete-Mix Reactor with Reaction270

Complete-Mix Reactors in Series with Reaction271

Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Reaction274

Comparison of Complete-Mix and Plug-Flow Reactors with Reaction275

Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Retarded Reaction277

Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion and Reaction279

Other Reactor Flow Regimes and Reactor Combinations281

Basic Principle of Mass Transfer283

4-8 Treatment Processes Involving Mass Transfer283

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer284

Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer293

4-9 Introduction to Process Selection297

Important Factors in Process Selection297

Process Selection Based on Reaction Kinetics299

Process Selection Based on Mass Transfer300

Process Design Based on Loading Criteria301

Bench Tests and Pilot-Plant Studies301

Reliability Considerations in Process Selection301

5 Physical Unit Operations311

Classification of Screens315

5-1 Screening315

Coarse Screens(Bar Racks)316

Fine Screens322

Microscreens326

Screenings Characteristics and Quantities327

5-2 Coarse Solids Reduction330

Comminutors331

Macerators332

Grinders333

Design Considerations333

5-3 Flow Equalization333

Description/Application333

Design Considerations335

5-4 Mixing and Flocculation344

Continuous Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment345

Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment345

Energy Dissipation in Mixing and Flocculation347

Timescale in Mixing350

Types of Mixers Used for Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment350

Types of Mixers Used for Flocculation in Wastewater Treatment355

Types of Mixers Used for Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment359

New Developments in Mixing Technology361

5-5 Gravity Separation Theory361

Description362

Particle Settling Theory363

Discrete Particle Settling367

Flocculent Particle Settling372

Inclined Plate and Tube Settling374

Hindered(Zone)Settling378

Compression Settling383

Gravity Separation in an Accelerated Flow Field383

5-6 Grit Removal384

Types of Grit Chambers385

Horizontal-Flow Grit Chambers385

Aerated Grit Chambers386

Vortex-Type Grit Chambers392

Solids(Sludge)Degritting392

Grit Characteristics, Quantities,Processing, and Disposal394

5-7 Primary Sedimentation396

Description397

Sedimentation Tank Performance405

Design Considerations406

Characteristics and Quantities of Solids(Sludge)and Scum411

5-8 High-Rate Clarification411

Enhanced Particle Flocculation412

Analysis of Ballasted Particle Flocculation and Settling412

Process Application414

5-9 Large-Scale Swirl and Vortex Separators for Combined Wastewater and Stormwater417

5-10 Flotation419

Description419

Design Considerations for Dissolved-Air Flotation Systems422

5-11 Oxygen Transfer425

Description425

Evaluation of Oxygen Transfer Coefficient425

5-12 Aeration Systems430

Types of Aeration Systems430

Diffused-Air Aeration430

Mechanical Aerators443

Energy Requirement for Mixing in Aeration Systems448

Generation and Dissolution of High-Purity Oxygen448

Postaeration452

5-13 Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)by Aeration456

Emission of VOCs456

Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs457

Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes459

Control Strategies for VOCs463

6 Chemical Unit Processes475

6-1 Role of Chemical Unit Processes in Wastewater Treatment476

Application of Chemical Unit Processes477

Considerations in the Use of Chemical Unit Processes478

6-2 Fundamentals of Chemical Coagulation478

Basic Definitions479

Nature of Particles in Wastewater480

Development and Measurement of Surface Charge481

Particle-Particle Interactions482

Particle Destabilization with Potential-Determining Ions and Electrolytes483

Particle Destabilization and Aggregation with Polyelectrolytes485

Particle Destabilization and Removal with Hydrolyzed Metal Ions486

6-3 Chemical Precipitation for Improved Plant Performance493

Chemical Reactions in Wastewater Precipitation Applications493

Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in Primary Sedimentation497

Independent Physical-Chemical Treatment498

Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Chemical Precipitation499

6-4 Chemical Precipitation for Phosphorus Removal500

Chemistry of Phosphate Precipitation501

Strategies for Phosphorus Removal503

Phosphorus Removal Using Metal Salts and Polymers505

Phosphorus Removal Using Lime507

Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes508

Phosphorus Removal with Effluent Filtration508

Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Phosphorus Precipitation509

6-5 Chemical Precipitation for Removal of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Inorganic Substances514

Precipitation Reactions514

Coprecipitation with Phosphorus517

6-6 Chemical Oxidation517

Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation517

Applications522

Chemical Oxidation of BOD and COD523

Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia524

pH Adjustment526

6-7 Chemical Neutralization, Scale Control,and Stabilization526

Analysis of Scaling Potential528

Scaling Control532

Stabilization532

6-8 Chemical Storage, Feeding, Piping,and Control Systems532

Chemical Storage and Handling533

Dry Chemical-Feed Systems533

Liquid Chemical-Feed Systems536

Gas Chemical-Feed Systems537

Initial Chemical Mixing540

7 Fundamentals of Biological Treatment545

7-1 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment547

Some Useful Definitions548

Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment548

Objectives of Biological Treatment548

Types of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment551

7-2 Composition and Classification of Microorganisms555

Cell Components555

Cell Composition557

Environmental Factors558

Microorganism Identification and Classification559

Use of Molecular Tools561

7-3 Introduction to Microbial Metabolism563

Carbon and Energy Sources for Microbial Growth563

Nutrient and Growth Factor Requirements565

7-4 Bacterial Growth and Energetics565

Bacterial Growth Patterns in a Batch Reactor566

Bacterial Reproduction566

Bacterial Growth and Biomass Yield567

Measuring Biomass Growth567

Estimating Biomass Yield and Oxygen Requirements from Stoichiometry568

Estimating Biomass Yield from Bioenergetics571

Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions578

Biomass Synthesis Yields for Different Growth Conditions579

Observed versus Synthesis Yield580

7-5 Microbial Growth Kinetics580

Microbial Growth Kinetics Terminology581

Rate of Utilization of Soluble Substrates581

Other Rate Expressions for the Utilization of Soluble Substrate582

Rate of Soluble Substrate Production from Biodegradable Particulate Organic Matter583

Kinetic Coefficients for Substrate Utilization and Biomass Growth584

Rate of Biomass Growth with Soluble Substrates584

Rate of Oxygen Uptake585

Effects of Temperature585

Total Volatile Suspended Solids and Active Biomass586

Net Biomass Yield and Observed Yield587

7-6 Modeling Suspended Growth Treatment Processes588

Description of Suspended Growth Treatment Processes589

Biomass Mass Balance589

Substrate Mass Balance592

Mixed Liquor Solids Concentration and Solids Production592

Oxygen Requirements595

The Observed Yield595

Design and Operating Parameters598

Process Performance and Stability600

Modeling Plug-Flow Reactors601

7-7 Substrate Removal in Attached Growth Treatment Processes602

Substrate Flux in Biofilms604

Substrate Mass Balance for Biofilm605

Substrate Flux Limitations606

7-8 Aerobic Biological Oxidation607

Process Description608

Microbiology608

Stoichiometry of Aerobic Biological Oxidation609

Environmental Factors610

Growth Kinetics610

7-9 Biological Nitrification611

Process Description611

Microbiology611

Stoichiometry of Biological Nitrification612

Growth Kinetics614

Environmental Factors615

7-10 Biological Denitrification616

Process Description616

Microbiology618

Stoichiometry of Biological Denitrification619

Growth Kinetics621

7-11 Biological Phosphorus Removal623

Environmental Factors623

Process Description624

Microbiology625

Stoichiometry of Biological Phosphorus Removal627

Growth Kinetics629

Environmental Factors629

7-12 Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation629

Process Description630

Microbiology631

Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation633

Growth Kinetics634

7-13 Biological Removal of Toxic and Recalcitrant Organic Compounds635

Development of Biological Treatment Methods635

Environmental Factors635

Anaerobic Degradation637

Aerobic Biodegradation638

Abiotic Losses638

Modeling Biotic and Abiotic Losses640

7-14 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals644

8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes659

8-1 Introduction to the Activated-Sludge Process661

Historical Development661

Description of Basic Process661

Evolution of the Activated-Sludge Process663

Recent Process Developments664

Key Wastewater Constituents for Process Design666

8-2 Wastewater Characterization666

Measurement Methods for Wastewater Characterization671

Recycle Flows and Loadings676

8-3 Fundamentals of Process Analysis and Control676

Process Design Considerations677

Process Control689

Operational Problems694

Activated-Sludge Selector Processes700

8-4 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification703

Process Design Considerations704

Complete-Mix Activated-Sludge Process705

Sequencing Batch Reactor Process720

Staged Activated-Sludge Process734

Alternative Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification738

Process Design Parameters740

Process Selection Considerations740

8-5 Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal749

Overview of Biological Nitrogen-Removal Processes750

Single-Sludge Biological Nitrogen-Removal Processes750

Process Design Considerations753

Anoxic/Aerobic Process Design761

Step-Feed Anoxic/Aerobic Process Design765

Intermittent Aeration Process Design776

Postanoxic Endogenous Denitrification780

Sequencing Batch Reactor Process Analysis781

Postanoxic Denitrification with an External Carbon Source784

Nitrogen Removal in Anaerobic Digestion Recycle Streams788

Alternative Process Configurations for Biological Nitrogen Removal789

Process Design Parameters789

Process Selection Considerations789

8-6 Processes for Biological Phosphorus Removal799

Biological Phosphorus-Removal Processes799

Process Design Considerations801

Process Control804

Solids Separation Facilities805

Methods to Improve Phosphorus-Removal Efficiency in BPR Systems805

Biological Phosphorus-Removal Process Performance807

Process Design Parameters809

Process Selection Considerations809

Alternative Processes for Biological Phosphorous Removal809

8-7 Selection and Design of Physical Facilities for Activated-Sludge Processes816

Aeration System816

Aeration Tanks and Appurtenances816

Solids Separation820

Design of Solids Separation Facilities833

8-8 Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons840

Types of Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons841

Process Design Considerations for Flow-Through Lagoons843

Dual-Powered Flow-Through Lagoon System853

8-9 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation854

Overview of Membrane Biological Reactors854

Process Description855

Membrane Fouling Control857

Process Capabilities858

8-10 Simulation Design Models859

Model Matrix Format, Components,and Reactions860

Model Applications861

9 Attached Growth and Combined Biological Treatment Processes888

9-1 Background888

Evolution of Attached Growth Processes888

Mass Transfer Limitations890

9-2 Trickling Filters890

Trickling Filter Classification and Applications893

Design of Physical Facilities896

Process Design Considerations909

Nitrification Design922

9-3 Rotating Biological Contactors930

Process Design Considerations932

Physical Facilities for RBC Process935

RBC Process Design937

9-4 Combined Aerobic Treatment Processes940

Trickling Filter/Solids Contact and Trickling Filter/Activated-Sludge Processes940

Activated Biofilter and Biofilter Activated-Sludge Processes943

Series Trickling Filter-Activated-Sludge Process944

Design Considerations for Combined Trickling Filter Activated-Sludge Systems944

9-5 Activated Sludge with Fixed-Film Packing952

Processes with Internal Suspended Packing for Attached Growth952

Processes with Internal Fixed Packing for Attached Growth955

9-6 Submerged Attached Growth Processes957

Downflow Submerged Attached Growth Processes957

Upflow Submerged Attached Growth Processes959

Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors(FBBR)961

9-7 Attached Growth Denitrification Processes962

Downflow Packed-Bed Postanoxic Denitrification Processes962

Upflow Packed-Bed Postanoxic Denitrification Reactors967

Fluidized-Bed Reactors for Postanoxic Denitrification967

Submerged Rotating Biological Contactors969

Attached Growth Preanoxic Denitrification Processes969

10 Anaerobic Suspended and Attached Growth Biological Treatment Processes983

Advantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes984

10-1 The Rationale for Anaerobic Treatment984

Summary Assessment986

10-2 General Design Considerations for Anaerobic Treatment Processes986

Disadvantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes986

Characteristics of the Wastewater987

Solids Retention Time991

Expected Methane Gas Production992

Treatment Efficiency Needed994

Sulfide Production994

Ammonia Toxicity995

Liquid-Solids Separation996

10-3 Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes996

Anaerobic Contact Process997

Complete-Mix Process997

Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor999

Design of Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes999

10-4 Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Processes1005

Upflow Sludge Blanket Reactor Process1005

Design Considerations for UASB Process1007

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor1016

Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor1017

10-5 Attached Growth Anaerobic Processes1018

Upflow Packed-Bed Attached Growth Reactor1019

Upflow Attached Growth Anaerobic Expanded-Bed Reactor1020

Attached Growth Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Reactor1020

Downflow Attached Growth Processes1022

10-6 Other Anaerobic Treatment Processes1024

Covered Anaerobic Lagoon Process1024

Membrane Separation Anaerobic Treatment Process1026

11 Advanced Wastewater Treatment1035

11-1 Need for Advanced Wastewater Treatment1037

11-2 Technologies Used for Advanced Treatment1038

Residual Constituents in Treated Wastewater1038

Classification of Technologies1038

Removal of Organic and Inorganic Colloidal and Suspended Solids1038

Removal of Dissolved Organic Constituents1040

Removal of Dissolved Inorganic Constituents1041

Removal of Biological Constituents1043

Process Selection and Performance Data1044

11-3 Introduction to Depth Filtration1044

Description of the Filtration Process1044

Filter Hydraulics1050

Analysis of the Filtration Process1057

11-4 Selection and Design Considerations for Depth Filters1069

Available Filtration Technologies1069

Performance of Different Types of Filter Technologies1078

Issues Related to Design and Operation of Treatment Facilities1080

Importance of Influent Wastewater Characteristics1081

Selection of Filtration Technology1081

Filter-Bed Characteristics1084

Filter Flowrate Control1089

Filter Backwashing Systems1091

Filter Appurtenances1093

Filter Instrumentation and Control Systems1093

Effluent Filtration with Chemical Addition1095

Filter Problems1096

Need for Pilot-Plant Studies1096

11-5 Surface Filtration1098

Discfilter?1098

Cloth-Media Disk Filter?1100

Performance Characteristics1103

Membrane Process Classification1104

Membrane Process Terminology1104

11-6 Membrane Filtration Processes1104

Membrane Configurations1108

Membrane Operation1111

Membrane Fouling1117

Application of Membranes1121

Electrodialysis1131

Pilot Studies for Membrane Applications1134

Disposal of Concentrated Waste Streams1135

11-7 Adsorption1138

Types of Adsorbents1138

Fundamentals of Adsorption1140

Activated Carbon Adsorption Kinetics1146

Activated Carbon Treatment Process Applications1149

Analysis and Design of Granular Activated Carbon Contactor1152

Small-Scale Column Tests1156

Analysis and Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Contactor1159

Activated Sludge with Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment1161

11-8 Gas Stripping1162

Analysis of Gas Stripping1163

Design of Stripping Towers1174

Application1178

11-9 Ion Exchange1180

Ion-Exchange Materials1181

Typical Ion-Exchange Reactions1182

Exchange Capacity of Ion-Exchange Resins1183

Ion-Exchange Chemistry1185

Application of Ion Exchange1189

Operational Considerations1196

11-10 Advanced Oxidation Processes1196

Theory of Advanced Oxidation1196

Technologies Used to Produce Hydroxyl Radicals (HO )1197

Applications1200

Operational Problems1202

11-11 Distillation1202

Distillation Processes1202

Disposal of Concentrated Waste1205

12 Disinfection Processes1217

12-2 Disinfection Theory1219

12-1 Regulatory Requirements for Wastewater Disinfection1219

Characteristics of an Ideal Disinfectant1220

Disinfection Methods and Means1220

Mechanisms of Disinfectants1223

Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants1223

12-3 Disinfection with Chlorine1231

Characteristics of Chlorine Compounds1231

Chemistry of Chlorine Compounds1234

Breakpoint Reaction with Chlorine1237

Measurement and Reporting of Disinfection Process Variables1241

Germicidal Efficiency of Chlorine and Various Chlorine Compounds1242

Factors That Affect Disinfection Efficiency of Chlorine1244

Modeling the Chlorine Disinfection Process1248

Review of the CRt Concept1252

Required Chlorine Dosage for Disinfection1252

Formation and Control of Disnfection Byproducts1255

Environmental Impacts1257

12-4 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide1258

Characteristics of Chlorine Dioxide1258

Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry1259

Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide as a Disinfectam1259

Byproduct Formation and Control1260

Need Jot Dechlorination1261

Dechlorination of Wastewater Treated with Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds1261

12-5 Dechlorination1261

Environmental Impacts1261

Dechlorination of Chlorine Dioxide with Sulfur Dioxide1264

12-6 Design of Chlorination and Dechlorination Facilities1264

Sizing Chlorination Facilities1264

Application Flow Diagrams1266

Dosage Control1269

Injection and Initial Mixing1270

Chlorine Contact Basin Design1270

Chlorine Residual Measurement1283

Chlorine Storage Facilities1284

Chlorine Containment Facilities1284

12-7 Disinfection with Ozone1286

Dechlorination Facilities1286

Ozone Properties1287

Ozone Chemistry1287

Ozone Disinfection Systems Components1288

Effectiveness of Ozone as a Disinfectant1290

Modeling the Ozone Disinfection Process1290

Required Ozone Dosages for Disinfection1293

Byproduct Formation and Control1293

Environmental Impacts of Using Ozone1295

Other Benefits of Using Ozone1295

12-8 Other Chemical Disinfection Methods1295

Peracetic Acid1295

Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide(Peroxone)1297

Combined Chemical Disinfection Processes1297

Source of UV Radiation1298

12-9 Ultraviolet(UV)Radiation Disinfection1298

UV Disinfection System Components and Configurations1301

Germicidal Effectiveness of UV Radiation1304

Modeling the UV Disinfection Process1309

Estimating UV Dose1311

Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines1316

Selection and Sizing of a UV Disinfection System1324

Troubleshooting UV Disinfection Systems1326

Environmental Impacts of UV Radiation Disinfection1329

2-10 Comparison of Alternative Disinfection Technologies1329

Germicidal Effectiveness1330

Advantages and Disadvantages1330

13 Water Reuse1345

13-1 Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse:An Introduction1347

Definition of Terms1347

The Role of Water Recycling in the Hydrologic Cycle1347

Historical Perspective1349

Wastewater Reuse Applications1351

Need for Water Reuse1354

13-2 Public Health and Environmental Issues in Water Reuse1356

Constituents in Reclaimed Water1356

Public Health Issues1358

Environmental Issues1358

The Evolution of Water Reuse Guidelines in the United States1358

Water Reclamation Criteria in Other Countries1362

What Level of Treatment Is Necessary?1365

Risk Assessment1366

13-3 Introduction to Risk Assessment1366

Risk Management1372

Ecological Risk Assessment1373

Risk Assessment for Water Reuse1373

Limitations in Risk Assessment for Water Reuse1374

13-4 Water Reclamation Technologies1376

Constituent Removal Technologies1376

Conventional Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams for Water Reclamation1377

Advanced Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams1379

Performance Expectations for Water Reclamation Processes1379

Predicting the Performance of Treatment Process Combinations1387

13-5 Storage of Reclaimed Water1391

Treatment Process Reliability1391

Need for Storage1392

Meeting Water Quality Discharge Requirements1392

Operation of Storage Reservoirs1393

Problems Involved with Storage of Reclaimed Water1397

Management Strategies for Open and Enclosed Reservoirs1399

13-6 Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation1401

Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality1401

Other Problems1410

13-7 Industrial Water Reuse1412

Industrial Water Use1413

Cooling Tower Makeup Water1413

Water and Salt Balances in Cooling Tower1414

Common Water Quality Problems in Cooling Tower Systems1416

13-8 Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water1422

Groundwater Recharge Methods1423

Pretreatment Requirements for Groundwater Recharge1426

Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater1427

Groundwater Recharge Guidelines1429

13-9 Planned Indirect and Direct Potable Water Reuse1429

Planned Indirect Potable Water Reuse1431

Planned Direct Potable Water Reuse1432

Planned Potable Water Reuse Criteria1432

3-10 Planning for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse1433

Planning Basis1433

What is the Ultimate Water Reuse Goal?1433

Market Assessment1434

Monetary Analyses1435

Other Planning Factors1436

Planning Report1437

3-11 Epilogue on Water Reuse Issues1438

14 Treatment, Reuse,and Disposal of Solids and Biosolids1447

14-1 Solids Sources, Characteristics,and Quantities1451

Sources1451

Characteristics1451

Quantities1454

14-2 Regulations for the Reuse and Disposal of Solids in the United States1460

Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction1461

Land Application1461

Surface Disposal1461

Incineration1464

14-3 Solids Processing Flow Diagrams1465

14-4 Sludge and Scum Pumping1465

Pumps1465

Headloss Determination1475

Sludge Piping1481

14-5 Preliminary Operations1482

Grinding1482

Screening1482

Blending1484

Degritting1484

Storage1485

14-6 Thickening1488

Application1488

Description and Design of Thickeners1489

14-7 Introduction to Stabilization1499

14-8 Alkaline Stabilization1500

Chemical Reactions in Lime Stabilization1500

Heat Generation1502

Application of Alkaline Stabilization Processes1502

14-9 Anaerobic Digestion1505

Process Fundamentals1506

Description of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion Processes1507

Process Design for Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion1509

Selection of Tank Design and Mixing System1516

Methods for Enhancing Solids Loading and Digester Performance1522

Gas Production, Collection, and Use1523

Digester Heating1525

Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion1529

Two-Phased Anaerobic Digestion1531

14-10 Aerobic Digestion1533

Process Description1534

Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion1535

Dual Digestion1541

Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion(ATAD)1541

High-Purity Oxygen Digestion1545

14-11 Composting1546

Process Microbiology1547

Process Description1547

Design Considerations1550

Cocomposting with Municipal Solid Wastes1551

Public Health and Environmental Issues1554

14-12 Conditioning1554

Chemical Conditioning1555

Other Conditioning Methods1557

14-13 Dewatering1558

Centrifugation1559

Belt-Filter Press1563

Filter Presses1565

Sludge Drying Beds1570

Reed Beds1578

Lagoons1578

14-14 Heat Drying1579

Heat-Transfer Methods1579

Process Description1580

Product Characteristics1584

Product Transport and Storage1585

Fire and Explosion Hazards1585

Air Pollution and Odor Control1585

14-15 Incineration1586

Fundamental Aspects of Complete Combustion1587

Multiple-Hearth Incineration1588

Fluidized-Bed Incineration1590

Coincineration with Municipal Solid Waste1592

Air-Pollution Control1592

14-16 Solids Mass Balances1592

Preparation of Solids Mass Balances1593

Performance Data for Solids-Processing Facilities1593

Impact of Return Flows and Loads1594

14-17 Application of Biosolids to Land1608

Site Evaluation and Selection1609

U.S. EPA Regulations for Beneficial Use and Disposal of Biosolids1610

Design Loading Rates1613

Application Methods1617

Application to Dedicated Lands1619

Landfilling1621

14-18 Biosolids Conveyance and Storage1621

Conveyance Methods1622

Storage1622

15 Issues Related to Treatment-Plant Performance1633

15-1 Need for Upgrading Treatment-Plant Performance1634

Meeting Current and Future Needs1634

Meeting More Stringent Discharge Requirements1635

Discharge Limits for Wastewater Treatment Plants1635

15-2 Treatment Process Reliability and Selection of Design Values1636

Variability in Wastewater Treatment1636

Selection of Process Design Parameters to Meet Discharge Permit Limits1640

Performance of Combined Processes1647

Development of Input-Output Data1649

15-3 Odor Management1650

Types of Odors1650

Sources of Odors1650

Movement of Odors from Wastewater Treatment Facilities1654

Strategies for Odor Management1654

Odor-Treatment Methods1658

Selection and Design of Odor-Control Facilities1668

Design Considerations for Chemical Scrubbers1668

Design Considerations for Odor-Control Biofilters1670

15-4 Introduction to Automatic Process Control1677

Process Disturbances1678

Control Systems for Wastewater Treatment Plants1679

Control Algorithms1682

Process Control Diagrams1690

Description of Automatic Control System Elements1693

15-5 Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment1703

Overview of the Use of Electricity in Wastewater Treatment1704

Measures for Improving Energy Efficiency1705

15-6 Upgrading Wastewater Treatment-Plant Performance1708

Process Optimization1708

Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities1712

Process Design Considerations for Liquid Streams1721

Process Design Considerations for Solids Processing1721

15-7 Important Design Considerations for New Wastewater Treatment Plants1721

Odor Control1723

Appendixes1729

A Conversion Factors1729

B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and the Composition of Air1737

C Physical Properties of Water1741

D Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen in Water as a Function of Salinity and Barometric Pressure1745

E MPN Tables and Their Use1749

F Carbonate Equilibrium1753

G Moody Diagrams for the Analysis of Flow in Pipes1757

Indexes1759

Name Index1759

Subject Index1771