科研方法与规范（上）PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Part Ⅰ:Research Methods1

1．Qualitative Methods1

1.1 Introduction to Qualitative Research1

1.1.1 What Is Qualitative Research1

1.1.2 What Can We Learn from Qualitative Research1

1.1.3 Some Qualitative Research Methods and Data Forms2

1.1.4 The Advantages of Qualitative Methods for Exploratory Research2

1.2 Participant Observation3

1.2.1 Overview of Participant Observation3

1.2.2 How to Be an Effective Participant Observer6

1.3 In-Depth Interviews10

1.3.1 Overview of In-Depth Interviewing10

1.3.2 How to Be an Effective Interviewer11

1.3.3 Managing the Interview13

1.3.4 Some Techniques for Effective Questioning14

1.3.5 How to Use Probes16

1.3.6 How to Use Indirect Probes16

1.3.7 Taking Field Notes16

1.3.8 Expanding Notes17

1.4 Focus Groups18

1.4.1 Overview of Focus Groups18

1.4.2 How to Be an Effective Moderator19

1.4.3 How to Be an Effective Note-Taker26

2．Quantitative Methods29

2.1 Introduction to Quantitative Research Method29

2.1.1 What Is Quantitative Research29

2.1.2 Features Associated with the Quantitative Approach29

2.1.3 Data Collection Methods31

2.2 Sampling31

2.2.1 Random Selection31

2.2.2 Systematic Sampling33

2.3 Survey34

2.3.1 Questionnaire34

2.3.2 Interview Survey39

2.3.3 Secondary Analysis45

2.4 Experiment46

2.4.1 Topics Appropriate to Experiments47

2.4.2 The Classical Experiment47

2.4.3 Selecting Subjects50

2.4.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method51

2.4.5 Quantification of Data52

3．Mixed Method Studies53

3.1 Mixed Methods and Mixed Model Studies53

3.1.1 Equal Status Mixed Method Designs54

3.1.2 Dominant-Less Dominant Mixed Method Designs54

3.1.3 Sequential Mixed Method Designs54

3.1.4 Parallel/Simultaneous Mixed Method Designs55

3.1.5 Studies with Multilevel Use of Approaches55

3.2 Data Collection Strategies and Research Procedures55

3.2.1 Traditional and Alternative Approaches to Data Collection55

3.2.2 Data Collection as a Planned Strategy56

3.2.3 Effects of DataCollection on the Behavior or Responses of the Participants57

3.2.4 Data Collection Strategies58

4．Case Studies62

4.1 Introduction to Case Study62

4.1.1 The Case Study as a Research Strategy62

4.1.2 Comparing Case Studies to Other Research Strategies63

4.1.3 When to Use Each Strategy63

4.2 Conducting Case Studies:Preparing for Data Collection65

4.2.1 The Case Study Investigator:Desired Skills65

4.2.2 Training and Preparation for a Specific Case Study67

4.2.3 The Case Study Protocol69

4.2.4 The Pilot Case Study72

4.3 Conducting Case Studies:Collecting the Evidence73

4.3.1 Six Sources of Evidence74

4.3.2 Three Principles of Data Collection78

Part Ⅱ:Writing a Research Proposal82

1．General Overview83

1.1 What Is Research83

1.2 Types of Research83

1.2.1 Primary Research83

1.2.2 Applied Research84

1.2.3 Market Research84

1.2.4 Feasibility Research84

1.2.5 Scholarly Research84

1.3 What Is a Research Proposal(RP)85

1.4 Proposal Components—Some Hints86

1 4.1 Title86

1.4.2 Abstract87

1.4.3 Introduction87

1.4.4 Literature Review88

1.4.5 Methodology and Methods89

1.4.6 Results90

1.4.7 Discussion90

1.5 Common Mistakes90

2．How to Prepare91

2.1．Choose a Topic91

2.1.1 Step 1:Survey Personal Interest92

2.1.2 Step 2:Select and Investigate a Trial Topic92

2.1.3 Step 3:Understand Your Research Purpose92

2.1.4 Step 4:Analyze Topic Feasibility92

2.1.5 Step 5:Consider Topic Possibilities93

2.1.6 Step 6:Consider Task Logistics94

2.2 Manage Your Time and Task95

2.2.1 Time Line for the RP95

2.2.2 Time Schedule97

2.2.3 Gantt Chart98

2.3 Budget99

2.3.1 Specify Costs for Each Line Entry99

2.3.2 Consider Possible Expense100

2.3.3 Compare Budget to Available Funds100

2.3.4 Sample Budgets101

3．How to Write102

3.1 How to Apply Theory102

3.1.1 Establish the Context102

3.1.2 Point Out Debates and Disjuncture103

3.1.3 Privilege Elegance over Expansiveness103

3.1.4 Show Your Knowledge and Expertise103

3.2 Research Questions104

3.2.1 Be Evocative104

3.2.2 Be Relevant105

3.2.3 Be Clear106

3.2.4 Be Researchable106

3.3 Methodology107

3.3.1 Identify the Research108

3.3.2 Be Realistic108

3.3.3 Be Precise108

3.3.4 Be Flexible109

3.3.5 Test Your Methods in Advance109

3.3.6 Revise Research Question and Methods109

3.4 Background and History110

3.4.1 Engage Readers with Broad Themes and Topics110

3.4.2 Illustrate Concepts,Questions,andTheory110

3.4.3 Demonstrate Experience,Knowledge,and Passion111

3.5 Concepts and Terminology111

3.5.1 Avoid Neologisms112

3.5.2 Be Conceptually Consistent112

3.5.3 Justify Typologies and Categories112

3.5.4 Works on Conceptualization113

4．Style and Assessment113

4.1 Style114

4.1.1 Clarity114

4.1.2 Tone115

4.1.3 Coherence116

4.2 Assessment117

4.2.1 Proposal Check List117

4.2.2 Evaluation from Outside118

5．Appendix120

5.1 Politics and the English Language120

5.2 The Art of Writing Proposals:Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Social Science Research Council Competitions131

5.3 Sample RPⅠ137

5.4 Sample RPⅡ139

Part Ⅲ:Actual Writing146

1．Introductions Writing146

1.1．Purpose and Importance of Introductions146

1.2．Complexity in Writing Introductions147

1.3．Introductions for a Report of Different Study Methods147

1.3.1 Introductions for aReport of Qualitative Study147

1.3.2 Introductions for a Report of Quantitative Study148

1.3.3 Introductions for a Report of Mixed Method Study148

1.4 Funnel Introductions and Hook Introductions148

1.4.1 Funnel Introductions148

1.4.2 Hook Introductions149

1.5 “Deadly Introduction”149

1.5.1 Stating with a Platitude or Cliché150

1.5.2 Using a Dictionary Definition of a Known Word150

1.5.3 Restatement of the Assignment151

1.5.4 Using Pivoting Sentence or Paragraph151

1.6 Five Models of Thesis Paragraph Introduction152

1.6.1 Model One152

1.6.2 Model Two153

1.6.3 Model Three154

1.6.4 Model Four155

1.6.5 Model Five155

2．Body Part Writing155

2.1 Writing a Good Thesis Statement155

2.1.1 Definition of Thesis Statement156

2.1.2 Characteristics of a Good Thesis Statement156

2.1.3 Tips for Writing a Good Thesis Statement157

2.1.4 Evaluation Criteria for a Good Thesis Statement158

2.2 Using Evidences160

2.2.1 Types of Evidences160

2.2.2 Rules for Using Evidence162

2.2.3 Tips for Dealing with Weak Evidence164

2.3 Organizing the Argument165

2.3.1 Reasoning Patterns165

2.3.2 Structuring an Argument in a Written Report167

2.4 Writing Style174

2.4.1 Three Types of Writing Style174

2.5．Diction,Sentences and Paragraphs176

2.5.1 Diction177

2.5.2 Concise Sentences180

2.5.3 Paragraph Structure182

2.6 Report Organization188

2.6.1 Sequential Organization189

2.6.2 Hierarchical Organization190

2.7 Borrowed Material Extracting and Presenting196

2.7.1 Direct Quotations196

2.7.2 Paraphrasing199

2.7.3 Summarization202

2.8 Plagiarism207

2.8.1 Definition of Plagiarism207

2.8.2 Situations of Plagiarism208

2.8.3 Types of Plagiarism208

2.8.4 Ignorant versus Intentional Plagiarism209

2.8.5 Consequences of Plagiarism210

2.8.6 Plagiarism Penalties210

2.8.7 Means to Avoid Plagiarism211

2.9 Draft Revising and Editing211

2.9.1 Need for Revising and Editing211

2.9.2 Revising and Editing Process Considerations212

2.9.3 Revising and Editing Procedures214

2.9.4 Computer Functions217

2.10 Headings217

2.10.1 Functions of Headings217

2.10.2 Heading Levels217

2.10.3 APA Rules for Presenting Headings219

2.10.4 Additional Rules for Heading Format219

2.10.5 Additional Rules for Heading Usage220

2.10.6 Relationship between Headings and Outline220

3．Writing Abstracts220

3.1 Function of Abstracts220

3.2 Information Contained in Abstracts221

3.3 Guidelines for Writing Abstracts221

3.4 An Example of Journal Abstracts222

4．Writing Acknowledgements222

4.1 Reasons for Writing Acknowledgements222

4．2 Position of Acknowledgements223

4.3 Contributors to Be Included223

4.4 Examples of Acknowledgements224

5．Writing Conclusions226

5.1 Purpose of Writing Conclusions226

5.2 Length of Conclusions226

5.3 Summary and Discursive Conclusions226

5.3.1 Summary Conclusions227

5.3.2 Discursive Conclusions227

5.4 Best Approaches to Write Conclusions227

Part Ⅳ:Documenting Sources229

1．Overview:APA Style versus MLA Style229

1.1 APA Values Current Information229

1.2 MLA Values Historical Data as Well as Current Information230

1.3 APA Style Documentation Is Best for Technological Disciplines230

2．Parenthetical Reference231

2.1 Defining Parenthetical Reference231

2.2 Relationship of Parenthetical Reference and Reference List232

2.3 Parenthetical Reference in APA Style232

2.3.1 Rules for the Author Element233

2.3.2 Rules forthe Date Element235

2.3.3 Rules for the Page(s)Information235

2.3.4 Additional Rules for Parenthetical Reference in APA Style235

2.4 Parenthetical Reference in MLA Style236

3．Reference List238

3.1 Reference-Page Format in APA Style(including MLA Style)238

3.1.1 Reference-Page Margins,Numbering and Heading238

3.1.2 Arrangement of Entries238

3.1.3 Specific Rules for Reference Entries239

3.1.4 Reference-Page Format in MLA Style242

3.2 Elements of the Entry in APA Style242

3.2.1 Rules for the Author Element242

3.2.2 Rules for the Date Element243

3.2.3 Rules for the Title Element243

3.2.4 Rules for Publishing Data245

3.3 Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals245

3.3.1 Rules for Periodicals245

3.3.2 Sample Entries for Periodicals246

3.3.3 Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals in MLA Style250

3.4 Books and Other Non-Periodical Publications252

3.4.1 Rules for Non-Periodicals252

3.4.2 Sample Entries for Non-Periodicals254

3.4.3 Books and Other Non-Periodical Publications in MLA Style258

3.5 Miscellaneous Print and Non-print Sources261

3.5.1 Proceeding of Meetings and Symposia261

3.5.2 Dissertations and Theses262

3.5.3 Reviews263

3.5.4 Audiovisual Media264

3.5.5 Miscellaneous Print and Non-print Sources in MLA Style265

3.6 Electronic Sources267

3.6.1 Internet Sources in APA Style267

3.6.2 Other Electronic Sources in APA Style272

3.6.3 Electronic Sources in MLA Style274

3.7 Non-Recoverable Sources277

4．General Introduction of Other Styles278

4.1 ACS(American Chemical Society)278

4.2 AMA (American Medical Association)279

4.3 CMS(Chicago Manual of Style)279

4.4 CSE(Council of Science Editors)279

4.5 Harvard Referencing System279

5．Footnotes and Notes in APA Style280

5.1 Footnotes in Text280

5.1.1 Content Footnotes280

5.1.2 Copyright Permission Footnotes280

5.2 Notes to Tables281

5.2.1 General Notes281

5.2.2 Specific Notes281

5.2.3 Probability Notes281

5.3 Author Note282

6．Appendix in APA Style283

6.1 Identifying and Citing Appendixes283

6.2 Placement of Appendixes283

6.3 Body and Headings of Appendixes284

6.4 Tables as Appendixes284

6.5 Tests and Questionnaires284

Appendix A285

Appendix B288

Bibliography290