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目录1

UNIT 1 ASTRONOMY,SPACE EXPLORATION　天文学　太空探索1

ARTICLE 1 INTRODUCTION 简介1

ARTICLE 2 STUDY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 太阳系3

ARTICLE 3 STUDY OF THE STARS 恒星7

ARTICLE 4 STUDY OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY AND OTHER GALAXIES 银河系 外星系9

ARTICLE 5 COSMOLOGY 宇宙论12

ARTICLE 6 THE METHODOLOGY OF ASTRONOMY 天文学方法论14

ARTICLE 7 ELEMENTS OF SPACE FLIGHT 太空飞行18

ARTICLE 8 LAUNCHING INTO SPACE AND FLIGHT TRAJECTORIES 发射 升空 飞行轨道20

ARTICLE 9 NAVIGATION,DOCKING,AND RECOVERY 导航 太空对接 回收24

ARTICLE 10 UNMANNED SPACE PROGRAMS 无人太空计划27

ARTICLE 11 MANNED SPACE PROGRAMS 载人太空计划34

ARTICLE 12 APPLICATIONS SATELLITES 应用卫星41

ARTICLE 13 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES 太空探索对物理学的贡献46

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习52

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案56

ARTICLE 1 AUTOMOBILE 汽车58

UNIT 2 TRANSPORTATION 交通运输58

ARTICLE 2 RAILROAD 铁路62

ARTICLE 3 SUBWAY 地铁67

ARTICLE 4 LOCOMOTIVE 火车机车68

ARTICLE 5 SHIPS AND SHIPBUILDING 船舶 造船业72

ARTICLE 6 SUBMARINE 潜艇75

ARTICLE 7 AERODYNAMICS 空气动力学78

ARTICLE 8 HISTORY OF AVIATION 航空史81

ARTICLE 9 AIRPLANE 飞机85

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习91

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案95

UNIT 3 CIVIL ENGINEERING 民用建筑97

ARTICLE 1 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 建筑构造97

ARTICLE 2 BRIDGE,CANTILEVER 桥梁 悬臂99

ARTICLE 3 EXCAVATION 挖掘102

ARTICLE 4 CAISSON 沉箱103

ARTICLE 5 SOIL MECHANICS 土壤力学105

ARTICLE 6 CEMENT AND CONCRETE,MORTAR 水泥 混凝土 灰泥106

ARTICLE 7 SAND 沙108

ARTICLE 8 CANAL 运河109

ARTICLE 9 WATER SUPPLY 水力资源111

ARTICLE 10 SEWAGE TREATMENT 污水处理113

ARTICLE 11 DREDGING 疏浚115

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习117

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案120

UNIT 4 SCIENCE 科学122

ARTICLE 1 SCIENCE 科学122

ARTICLE 2 HISTORY OF SCIENCE 科学史124

ARTICLE 3 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY 技术史126

ARTICLE 4 ENGINEERING 工程学129

ARTICLE 5 COMMUNICATION 通信132

ARTICLE 6 ARCHEOLOGY 考古学137

ARTICLE 7 STATISTICS 统计学139

ARTICLE 8 FORENSIC SCIENCE 法学143

ARTICLE 9 ANTHROPOLOGY,HUMAN BEING 人类学 人类145

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习149

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案152

ARTICLE 1 ELECTRONICS 电子学153

UNIT 5 ELECTRONICS 电子学153

ARTICLE 2 MICROELECTRONICS,CHIP 微电子学 芯片156

ARTICLE 3 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 集成电路158

ARTICLE 4 COMPUTER 计算机159

ARTICLE 5 MICROCOMPUTER 微型计算机163

ARTICLE 6 CALCULATOR 计算器166

ARTICLE 7 CYBERNETICS 控制论168

ARTICLE 8 ROBOTICS 机器人技术170

ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATION 自动控制172

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习175

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案177

UNIT 6 MECHANICS 机械学179

ARTICLE 1 SIMPLE MACHINE 简单机械179

ARTICLE 2 MACHINE TOOL 机床182

ARTICLE 3 SOLDERING AND BRAZING 焊接 铜焊186

ARTICLE 4 ENGINE 发动机187

ARTICLE 5 TURBINE 涡轮机194

ARTICLE 6 PROPELLER 螺旋桨196

ARTICLE 7 MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION 机械制造197

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习206

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案212

UNIT 7 METALLURGY 冶金214

ARTICLE 1 METALLURGY 冶金214

ARTICLE 2 FURNACE 熔炉215

ARTICLE 3 CASTING 浇铸217

ARTICLE 4 METAL WORK,FORGING,WELDING AND CUTTING 金属加工 铸造 焊接 切割218

ARTICLE 5 ANNEAL,CASE HARDING,ANODIZING 焖火 表面硬化 阳极电镀222

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习224

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案227

ARTICLE 1 CHEMISTRY,HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 化学 化学史229

UNIT 8 CHEMISTRY 化学229

ARTICLE 2 ELEMENTS 元素234

ARTICLE 3 ISOTOPE 同位素240

ARTICLE 4 MOLECULE,MOLECULAR WEIGHT,MOLE 分子 分子量 摩尔242

ARTICLE 5 CHEMICAL REACTION AND CATALYST 化学反应 催化剂244

ARTICLE 6 LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION,CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS 化合定律 化学式 化学方程式247

ARTICLE 7 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 化学分析248

ARTICLE 8 CHEMICAL BOND AND VALENCE 化学键 化合价251

ARTICLE 9 IONS AND IONIZATION 离子 离子化合物253

分解 离解 水解256

ARTICLE 10 DECOMPOSITION,DISSOCIATION AND HYDROLYSIS256

ARTICLE 11 NEUTRALIZATION,NEUTRAL STATE 中和 中性状态258

ARTICLE 12 MIXTURE,EMULSION,SUSPENSION,PRECIPITATE 混合物 乳浊液 悬浮物 沉淀物260

ARTICLE 13 SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY 溶液 溶解度262

ARTICLE 14 DIFFUSION,CORROSION 扩散 腐蚀263

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习266

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案270

UNIT 9 VOLUME 体积272

ARTICLE 1 GAS 气体272

ARTICLE 2 OXYGEN 氧275

ARTICLE 3 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION,OXIDE 氧化 分解 氧化物276

ARTICLE 4 NITROGEN 氮278

ARTICLE 5 AMMONIA 氨280

ARTICLE 6 HYDROGEN,HYDROGEN BOND 氢 氢键281

ARTICLE 7 NOBLE GAS,HELIUM,ARGON 惰性气体 氦 氩284

ARTICLE 8 CHLORINE,CHLORATE,CHLORIFORM,CHLORDANE 氯 氯酸盐 氯仿 氯丹286

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习289

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案293

ARTICLE 1 CARBON 碳295

UNIT 10 CARBON 碳295

ARTICLE 2 SULFUR AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE 硫 硫化氢299

ARTICLE 3 SODIUM 钠301

ARTICLE 4 SILICA 硅304

ARTICLE 5 PHOSPHOROUS AND POTASSIUM 磷 钾306

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习308

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案313

ARTICLE 1 METALS 金属314

UNIT 11 METALS 金属314

ARTICLE 2 IRON,WROUGHT IRON 铁 熟铁316

ARTICLE 3 STEEL 钢318

ARTICLE 4 COPPER 铜321

ARTICLE 5 ALUMINUM 铝324

ARTICLE 6 NOBLE METAL,SILVER 贵金属 银326

ARTICLE 7 LEAD 铅328

ARTICLE 8 URANIUM,URANINITE,TRANSURANIC ELEMENT 铀 沥青铀矿 超铀元素329

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习332

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案336

ARTICLE 1 ACID,BASE,SALTS 酸 碱 盐338

UNIT 12 ACID,BASE,SALTS 酸 碱 盐338

ARTICLE 2 pH,INDICATOR pH值 指示剂341

ARTICLE 3 ALKALI,ALKALI METAL,ALKALINE EARTH METAL 碱 碱金属 碱土金属342

ARTICLE 4 SULFURIC ACID,SULFUROUS ACID 硫酸 亚硫酸344

ARTICLE 5 HYDROCHLORIC ACID,NITRIC ACID,LACTIC ACID 盐酸 硝酸 乳酸346

ARTICLE 6 HYDRATE,HYDROXIDE 水合物 氢氧化物348

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习350

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案353

ARTICLE 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 有机化合物355

UNIT 13 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 有机化学355

ARTICLE 2 HOMOLOGUE 同族体357

ARTICLE 3 HYDROCARBONS 碳氢化合物360

ARTICLE 4 PLASTIC 塑料363

ARTICLE 5 FORMALDEHYDE,RESIN 甲醛 树脂366

ARTICLE 6 CARBOHYDRATES 碳水化合物368

ARTICLE 7 ACIDS 酸372

ARTICLE 8 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES 有机化合物 职业病375

UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习378

KEY TO UNIT EXERCISES 单元练习答案381

参考文献382