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Chapter One Introduction1

1.1 Function Word1

1.2 Background to the Study2

1.3 The Objectives of the Current Study4

1.4 General Organization5

Chapter Two Literature Review7

2.1 Introduction7

2.2 A Chronological Review7

2.2.1 The Meroi Logou—Parts of Speech Tradition8

2.2.1.1 Plato8

2.2.1.2 Aristotle8

2.2.2 The Inflection Criteria9

2.2.2.1 The Stoic School9

2.2.2.2 Thrax9

2.2.2.3 Varro10

2.2.3 The Semantic Criterion11

2.2.3.1 Priscian11

2.2.3.2 Wilkins12

2.2.4 The Establishment of English Word Class System13

2.2.5 Function Word Systems15

2.2.5.1 Fries15

2.2.5.2 Christopherson and Sandaved18

2.2.5.3 Bolinger19

2.2.5.4 Biber et al20

2.3 Review of the Classification of Function Words24

2.3.1 Problems24

2.3.2 The Domain of Function Words26

2.3.3 The Features of Function Words26

2.3.3.1 Phonological Features27

2.3.3.2 Morphological and Lexical Features28

2.3.3.3 Syntactical Features29

2.3.3.4 Semantic Features30

2.3.3.5 Functional Features31

2.4 Function Words in a Functional Linguistic System32

2.4.1 Within Nominal Group33

2.4.1.1 Deictics33

2.4.1.2 Numeratives35

2.4.1.3 Thing36

2.4.2 Within Verbal Groups38

2.4.3 Within Adverbial Groups38

2.5 Function Word Classes—A Systemic Functional Perspective40

2.5.1 Determiners40

2.5.2 Pronouns41

2.5.3 Numerals41

2.5.4 Primary Verbs42

2.5.5 Modal Verbs43

2.5.6 Prepositions43

2.5.6.1 Free Prepositions43

2.5.6.2 Bound Prepositions43

2.5.6.3 Complex Prepositions43

2.5.7 Conjunctions44

2.5.7.1 Linkers44

2.5.7.2 Binders44

2.5.8 Discourse Words45

2.5.9 Interjections46

2.6 Summary49

Chapter Three A Multifunctional Approach to Function Words50

3.1 Introduction50

3.2 Ideational Function51

3.2.1 Ideational Meanings on Clause Level51

3.2.2 Ideational Meanings below Clause52

3.2.2.1 Reference and Deixis54

3.2.2.2 The Strata of Reference57

3.2.3 Referential Functions—The Core of Ideational Functions60

3.3 Textual Function vs.Discourse Function63

3.3.1 Halliday's Textual Function63

3.3.2 Discourse Function66

3.3.2.1 Cohesive Ties66

3.3.2.2 Static Cohesion68

3.3.2.3 Dynamic Cohesion—Conjunction72

3.4 Interpersonal Function75

3.4.1 Interpersonal Function on Clause Level75

3.4.2 Interpersonal Function Below and Beyond Clause77

3.5 Pragmatic Function—An Extension of Interpersonal Functions beyond Clause78

3.5.1 Pragmatic Function—A Step Further into Interpersonal Functions79

3.5.2 Commodity and Implicature79

3.5.3 Speech Act Instead of Speech Function83

3.6 Generic Function86

3.6.1 Genre Defined86

3.6.2 Words as Realization of Generic Features87

3.7 Summary89

Chapter Four Discourse Functions of Function Words91

4.1 Introduction91

4 2 Function Words as Phoric Items92

4.2.1 Phoric Items,Referring Expressions and Presuming Reference Items92

4.2.2 The Phoricity System94

4.3 Reminding Phoricity95

4.3.1 Exophoric Phoricity95

4.3.2 Endophoric Phoricity97

4.3.2.1 Anaphora97

4.3.2.2 Textual Phora99

4.3.2.3 Cataphora99

4.3.2.3.1 Esphora100

4.3.2.3.2 Cataphora101

4.3.3 Reminding Phoric Items Forming Reference Chains102

4.3.4 The as a Four-fold Phoric Item106

4.3.5 When We and You Referring to More than One110

4.3.6 Relativizers Introducing Esphoric Reference111

4.3.7 Factors Affecting Anaphoric Choices112

4.4 Relevant Phoricity115

4.5 Redundancy Phoricity116

4.6 Summary117

Chapter Five Pragmatic Functions of Function Words118

5.1 Introduction118

5.2 Linguistic Acts119

5.2.1 Discourse Words as Pragmatic Markers123

5.2.1.1 Discourse Words Defined123

5.2.1.2 Pragmatic Markers124

5.2.1.3 The Range of Pragmatic Markers126

5.2.2 The Pragmatic Functions of Pragmatic Markers127

5.2.2.1 And in Interactional Discourse127

5.2.2.1.1 As Discourse Coordinator127

5.2.2.1.2 As Devices of Interactional Continuation130

5.2.2.2 Well as an Interactional Device135

5.2.2.2.1 As a Response Marker135

5.2.2.2.2 As Shift of Topic or Pre-closing Device141

5.3 Linguistic Force—Realization of Intentionality143

5.3.1 Pronouns as Referential Force145

5.3.2 The Referential Power of We148

5.3.2.1 The Properties of We148

5.3.2.2 We Representing More than One149

5.3.2.3 We Used as I152

5.3.2.3.1 Evasion/Share of Responsibility152

5.3.2.3.2 Invitation of Participation153

5.3.3 Referring as Realization of Distancing155

5.3.3.1 Exclusive We as Distancing Device155

5.3.3.2 He as Means of Distance156

5.3.5.3 He as Device of Condemnation157

5.4 Summary160

Chapter Six Ideational Functions of Function Words162

6.1 Introduction162

6.2 Participants163

6.2.1 Indefinite Participants164

6.2.1.1 Total Participants:All,Each,Every,No,Any166

6.2.1.2 Partial Participants169

6.2.2 Definite Participants172

6.2.2.1 Participants Modified by Demonstratives172

6.2.2.2 Participants Headed by Possessive Deictics177

6.2.3 Participants Realized by Pronouns and Other Referring Items178

6.2.3.1 Personal Participants178

6.2.3.2 Demonstrative Participants180

6.3 Circumstances181

6.3.1 Extent and Location182

6.3.1.1 Extent:Distance and Duration183

6.3.1.2 Location:Place and Time184

6.3.2 Manner186

6.3.3 Cause188

6.3.4 Contingency189

6.3.5 Accompaniment190

6.3.6 Role191

6.3.7 Matter192

6.3.8 Angle193

6.4 Summary194

Chapter Seven Interpersonal Functions of Function Words196

7.1 Introduction196

7.2 Interjections197

7.3 The Exclamative Mood202

7.3.1 Exclamatives of Surprise204

7.3.2 Exclamatives of Excitement206

7.3.3 Exclamatives of Satisfaction207

7.3.4 Exclamatives of Anger and Disgust208

7.4 Interjections as Realizations of Interpersonal Relationships211

7.4.1 Static Relationships211

7.4.1.1 Interjections and Power212

7.4.1.2 Interjections and Affect218

7.4.2 Dynamic Relations221

7.4.2.1 Presence and Absence of Interjection222

7.4.2.2 Interjections as Communicative Strategies225

7.5 Interjections as Stance Markers227

7.5.1 Stance Markers227

7.5.2 As Direct Devices229

7.5.3 As Indirect Stance Markers231

7.6 Summary232

Chapter Eight Generic Functions of Function Words235

8.1 Introduction235

8.2 Genres under Study236

8.2.1 Genre236

8.2.2 Generic Components and Their Realizations237

8.2.3 Genres in this Study242

8.2.4 Text Selection244

8.3 Participation Involvement and Referring Expressions244

8.3.1 Participants Inside and Outside the Text245

8.3.2 Research Method248

8.3.3 Referring Expression Variations among the Four Genres250

8.3.3.1 Referring Expression Variations250

8.3.3.2 Difference Among Texts of the Four Genres253

8.4 Function Word Variations among the Four Genres258

8.4.1 Function Words as Linguistic Features258

8.4.2 Function Word Variations Defined259

8.4.2.1 Function Word Variations and the Formality of Genres260

8.4.2.2 Function Word Variations and In formation Packaging262

8.4.3 Function Word Variations among the Four Genres266

8.5 Summary270

Chapter Nine Grammaticalization vs Lexicalization272

9.1 Introduction272

9.2 Grammaticalization273

9.2.1 The Origin of Function Words274

9.2.2 Prepositions of Verbal Origins276

9.2.2.1 The Co-occurrence of Verbal and Prepositional Uses277

9.2.2.2 A Semantic Shift278

9.2.3 Prepositions of Nominal Origins280

9.2.3.1 Complex Prepositions280

9.2.3.2 Complex Prepositions as Grammatical Forms281

9.2.3.3 The Noun Root of On Top Of282

9.2.3.4 Functional Derivatives284

9.2.4 Multifunctionality vs Grammaticalization285

9.2.4.1 Extension of Semantic Functions—From Referential to Relational286

9.2.4.2 Decategorialization—Grammaticalization288

9.3 Lexicalization292

9.3.1 Lexicalization vs Degrammaticalization292

9.3.2 Multifunctionality—The Mechanism of Lexicalization294

9.3.2.1 Overlap Being the First Step of Lexicalization294

9.3.2.2 A Return to the Native or A New Birth?296

9.4 The Relativity of the Closcness of Function Word System299

9.5 Summary300

Chapter Ten Conclusion301

10.1 The Semantics of Function Words301

10.2 The Multifunctional Approach301

10.3 Main Contributions of the Thesis304

10.4 Theoretical and Educational Implications306

10.5 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research308

Appendix310

Bibliography319