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1．INTRODUCTION1

ANALYTICAL REAGENTS3

LABORATORY APPARATUS5

LABORATORY REPORT OUTLINE8

LABORATORY ORDERLINESS8

QUESTIONS9

2．SOIL SAMPLING10

SOIL PROFILE SAMPLING14

MONOLITH MOUNTING OF SOIL PROFILES18

SAMPLING SOIL OF ESTABLISHED EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS22

SAMPLING SOILS IN SELECTION OF SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS25

SAMPLING FARM FIELDS29

HANDLING SOIL SAMPLES IN THE LABORATORY30

QUESTIONS36

3．HYDROGEN ACTIVITY DETERMINATION FOR SOILS38

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PH41

COLORIMETRIC PH INDICATORS USEFUL IN SOIL ANALYSIS49

OXIDATION-REDUCTION INDICATORS USEFUL IN SOIL ANALYSIS54

QUESTIONS55

4．CATION EXCHANGE DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS57

CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY DETERMINATIONS59

TOTAL EXCHANGEABLE METALLIC CATIONS68

GYPSUM OR SULFUR REQUIREMENT OF SOLIS71

EXCHANGEABLE HYDROGEN DETERMINATION73

NEUTRALIZING EQUIVALENCE OF AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE77

QUESTIONS80

5．EXCHANGEABLE METALLIC CATION DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS82

EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS WITH NH4OAC84

EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS88

CALCIUM DETERMINATION89

MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION97

MANGANESE DETERMINATION102

POTASSIUM DETERMINATION106

SODIUM DETERMINATION107

QUESTIONS109

6．POTASSIUM DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS111

POTASSIUM DETERMINATION115

COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM AS COBALT HYDROCARBONATE119

TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM122

GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM127

EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM FROM SOLIS128

TOTAL POTASSIUM IN SOILS OR MINERALS129

SOIL-POTASSIUM EQUILIBRIUM130

QUESTIONS133

7．PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS134

CHLOROSTANNOUS-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN SULFURIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD I)141

CHLOROSTANNOUS-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD II)144

MOLYBDENUM-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN SULFURIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD III)146

1,2,4-AMINONAPHTHOLSULFONIC ACID-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN PERCHLORIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD IV)148

VANADOMOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC YELLOW COLOR METHOD IN NITRIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD V)151

DILUTE ACID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS154

WATER SOLUBLE AND PH 3 EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS IN RUNOFF WATERS157

FLUORIDE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS159

HYDROXYL AND CARBONATE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS162

DITHIONITE-CITRATE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS165

ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS169

TOTAL ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS175

PRECIPITATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ALUMINUM AND IRON PHOSPHATE177

PHOSPHATE EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SOILS178

QUESTIONS181

8．NITROGEN DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE183

TOTAL NITROGEN DETERMINATION183

TOTAL AMMONIUM AND NITRATE NITROGEN IN WATERS193

EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM DETERMINATION193

NITRATE DETERMINATION197

NITRITE DETERMINATION201

NITRIFICATION RATE OF SOILS202

QUESTIONS203

9．ORGANIC MATTER DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS205

ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION AS CO2 (DRY COMBUSTION)208

ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION AS CO2 (TITRATION)211

OXIDATION MATTER BY CHROMIC ACID WITH EXTERNAL HEAT APPLIED214

OXIDIZABLE MATTER BY CHROMIC ACID WITH H2SO4 HEAT OF DILUTION219

TOTAL ORGANIC MATER BY H2O2 OXIDATION AND WEIGHT LOSS222

QUESTIONS226

10．SOLUBLE SALT ANALYSIS FOR SOILS AND WATERS227

DIRECT SEMIQUANTITATIVE TEST FOR SOIL SALINITY－CONDUCTOMETRICALLY ON SOIL PASTE229

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTANCE OF SOIL SOLUTIONS AND WATERS AS A MEASURE OF SALT CONTENT234

MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY ON SEED GERMINATION251

COMPOSITING RUNOFF WATERS AND DETERMINATIONS OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS OF RUNOFF WATERS253

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS OF SOIL EXTRACT OR WATER256

DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL CATIONS AND ANIONS OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN SOILS AND WATERS256

DISSOLVED CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE DETERMINATION260

CHLORIDE DETERMINATION261

SULFATE DETERMINATION263

GYPSUM DETERMINATION FOR SOILS266

CARBONATE CARBON DETERMINATION FOR SOILS268

QUESTIONS270

11．ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MINERAL COLLOIDS,SOILS,MINERALS,AND ROCKS272

SEMIMICROCHEMICAL SYSTEM OF SILICATE ANALYSIS278

POTASIUM,SODIUM,CALCIUM,AND MAGNESIUM DETERMINATIONS285

IRON AND TITANIUM DETERMINATIONS291

SILICON DETERMINATION294

ALUMINUM DETERMINATION297

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF SILICATE ANALYSIS300

SILICA DETERMINATION303

CUPFERRON SEPARATION OF IRON AND TITANIUM307

NH4OH SEPARATION AND ALUMINUM DETERMINATION309

IRON DETERMINATION311

TITANIUM DETERMINATION314

CALCIUM DETERMINATION315

MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION316

MANGANESE DETERMINATION318

POTASSIUM AND SODIUM DETERMINATIONS318

FERROUS IRON DETERMINATION IN SILICATES320

TOTAL SULFUR IN SOILS322

MISCELLANEOUS CONSTITUENTS323

QUESTIONS324

12．PLANT TISSUE ANALYSIS－MINERAL CONSTITUENTS326

TOTAL ASH CONTENT OF PLANT TISSUE330

WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE331

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUE FROM WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE335

SULFUR CONTENT OF PLANT TISSUE336

CYANIDE IN PLANT TISSUE337

FLUORIDE IN PLANT TISSUE338

QUESTIONS338

13．RAPID CHEMICAL TESTS OF SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE339

NITRATE NITROGEN IN SAP OF PLANT TISSUE342

PHOSPHORUS IN SAP OF PLANT TISSUE347

POTASSIUM IN THE SAP OF PLANT TISSUE350

QUICK SOIL AERATION TESTS354

SOIL TESTING SYSTEMS357

QUESTIONS368

14．BORON DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE370

BORON DETERMINATION (WITH CURCUMIN)372

BORON DETERMINATION (WITH QUINALIZARIN)375

WATER SOLUBLE BORON IN SOILS379

ACID SOLUBLE BORON382

TOTAL BORON IN SOILS384

TOTAL BORON IN PLANTS385

QUESTIONS387

15．IRON,MANGANESE,COPPER,ZINC,MOLYBDENUM,AND COBALT DETERMINATIONS388

IRON DETERMINATION389

EXCHANGEABLE FERROUS IRON391

COMBINED EXCHANGEABLE FERROUS AND FERRIC IRON AND DILUTE ACID SOLUBLE IRON392

SOLUBLE,EXCHANGEABLE,AND EASILY REDUCIBLE MANGANESE OF SOILS393

COPPER DETERMINATION396

TOTAL COPPER AND ZINC EXTRACTION FROM SOILS398

EXTRACTABLE COPPER IN SOILS400

ZINC DETERMINATION402

DITHIZONE EXTRACTABLE SOIL ZINC406

MOLYBDENUM DETERMINATION408

TOTAL MOLYBDENUM IN SOILS AND PLANTS411

COBALT DETERMINATION414

QUESTIONS415

16．POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE416

COPPER AND ZINC DETERMINATION421

MANGANESE DETERMINATION426

COPPER AND ZINC SEPARATION FROM RESIDUE OF WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE427

QUESTIONS428

17．ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY429

CONCENTRATION DETERMINATION BY ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY438

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM DETERMINATION446

QUESTIONS451

18．EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY452

DETERMINATIONS WITH FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETER455

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH ARC OR SPARK EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH465

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE ARC OR SPARK EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH474

QUESTIONS485