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1 RAY OPTICS1

1.1 Postulates of Ray Optics3

1.2 Simple Optical Components6

1.3 Graded-Index Optics17

1.4 Matrix Optics24

Reading List34

Problems35

2 WAVE OPTICS38

2.1 Postulates of Wave Optics40

2.2 Monochromatic Waves41

2.3 Relation Between Wave Optics and Ray Optics49

2.4 Simple Optical Components50

2.5 Interference58

2.6 Polychromatic and Pulsed Light66

Reading List72

Problems73

3 BEAM OPTICS74

3.1 The Gaussian Beam75

3.2 Transmission Through Optical Components86

3.3 Hermite-Gaussian Beams94

3.4 Laguerre-Gaussian and Bessel Beams97

Reading List100

Problems100

4 FOURIER OPTICS102

4.1 Propagation of Light in Free Space105

4.2 Optical Fourier Transform116

4.3 Diffraction of Light121

4.4 Image Formation127

4.5 Holography138

Reading List145

Problems147

5 ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTICS150

5.1 Electromagnetic Theory of Light152

5.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Dielectric Media156

5.3 Monochromatic Electromagnetic Waves162

5.4 Elementary Electromagnetic Waves164

5.5 Absorption and Dispersion170

5.6 Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media184

5.7 Optics of Magnetic Materials and Metamaterials190

Reading List193

Problems195

6 POLARIZATION OPTICS197

6.1 Polarization of Light199

6.2 Reflection and Refraction209

6.3 Optics of Anisotropic Media215

6.4 Optical Activity and Magneto-Optics228

6.5 Optics of Liquid Crystals232

6.6 Polarization Devices235

Reading List239

Problems240

7 PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL OPTICS243

7.1 Optics of Dielectric Layered Media246

7.2 One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals265

7.3 Two-and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals279

Reading List286

Problems288

8 GUIDED-WAVE OPTICS289

8.1 Planar-Mirror Waveguides291

8.2 Planar Dielectric Waveguides299

8.3 Two-Dimensional Waveguides308

8.4 Photonic-Crystal Waveguides311

8.5 Optical Coupling in Waveguides313

8.6 Sub-Wavelength Metal Waveguides (Plasmonics)321

Reading List322

Problems323

9 FIBER OPTICS325

9.1 Guided Rays327

9.2 Guided Waves331

9.3 Attenuation and Dispersion348

9.4 Holey and Photonic-Crystal Fibers359

Reading List362

Problems363

10 RESONATOR OPTICS365

10.1 Planar-Mirror Resonators367

10.2 Spherical-Mirror Resonators378

10.3 Two-and Three-Dimensional Resonators390

10.4 Microresonators394

Reading List400

Problems400

11 STATISTICAL OPTICS403

11.1 Statistical Properties of Random Light405

11.2 Interference of Partially Coherent Light419

11.3 Transmission of Partially Coherent Light Through Optical Systems427

11.4 Partial Polarization436

Reading List440

Problems442

12 PHOTON OPTICS444

12.1 The Photon446

12.2 Photon Streams458

12.3 Quantum States of Light471

Reading List476

Problems478

13 PHOTONS AND ATOMS482

13.1 Energy Levels483

13.2 Occupation of Energy Levels499

13.3 Interactions of Photons with Atoms501

13.4 Thermal Light517

13.5 Luminescence and Light Scattering522

Reading List528

Problems530

14 LASER AMPLIFIERS532

14.1 Theory of Laser Amplification535

14.2 Amplifier Pumping539

14.3 Common Laser Amplifiers547

14.4 Amplifier Nonlinearity556

14.5 Amplifier Noise562

Reading List564

Problems565

15 LASERS567

15.1 Theory of Laser Oscillation569

15.2 Characteristics of the Laser Output575

15.3 Common Lasers590

15.4 Pulsed Lasers605

Reading List621

Problems624

16 SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICS627

16.1 Semiconductors629

16.2 Interactions of Photons with Charge Carriers660

Reading List675

Problems677

17 SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTON SOURCES680

17.1 Light-Emitting Diodes682

17.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers702

17.3 Laser Diodes716

17.4 Quantum-Confined and Microcavity Lasers728

Reading List741

Problems745

18 SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTON DETECTORS748

18.1 Photodetectors749

18.2 Photoconductors758

18.3 Photodiodes762

18.4 Avalanche Photodiodes767

18.5 Array Detectors775

18.6 Noise in Photodetectors777

Reading List798

Problems800

19 ACOUSTO-OPTICS804

19.1 Interaction of Light and Sound806

19.2 Acousto-Optic Devices819

19.3 Acousto-Optics of Anisotropic Media828

Reading List832

Problems832

20 ELECTRO-OPTICS834

20.1 Principles of Electro-Optics836

20.2 Electro-Optics of Anisotropic Media849

20.3 Electro-Optics of Liquid Crystals856

20.4 Photorefractivity863

20.5 Electroabsorption868

Reading List869

Problems871

21 NONLINEAR OPTICS873

21.1 Nonlinear Optical Media875

21.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Optics879

21.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optics894

21.4 Second-Order Nonlinear Optics: Coupled-Wave Theory905

21.5 Third-Order Nonlinear Optics: Coupled-Wave Theory917

21.6 Anisotropic Nonlinear Media924

21.7 Dispersive Nonlinear Media927

Reading List932

Problems934

22 ULTRAFAST OPTICS936

22.1 Pulse Characteristics937

22.2 Pulse Shaping and Compression946

22.3 Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibers960

22.4 Ultrafast Linear Optics973

22.5 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics984

22.6 Pulse Detection999

Reading List1011

Problems1013

23 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS AND SWITCHES1016

23.1 Optical Interconnects1018

23.2 Passive Optical Routers1030

23.3 Photonic Switches1038

23.4 Optical Gates1058

Reading List1069

Problems1071

24 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS1072

24.1 Fiber-Optic Components1074

24.2 Optical Fiber Communication Systems1084

24.3 Modulation and Multiplexing1101

24.4 Fiber-Optic Networks1106

24.5 Coherent Optical Communications1112

Reading List1118

Problems1120

A FOURIER TRANSFORM1122

A.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Transform1122

A.2 Time Duration and Spectral Width1124

A.3 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform1128

Reading List1131

B LINEAR SYSTEMS1132

B.1 One-Dimensional Linear Systems1132

B.2 Two-Dimensional Linear Systems1135

Reading List1136

C MODES OF LINEAR SYSTEMS1137

SYMBOLS AND UNITS1142

AUTHORS1159

INDEX1161