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PART ONE OVERVIEW1

Chapter 1 Introduction3

1.1 What Operating Systems Do3

1.2 Computer-System Organization6

1.3 Computer-System Architecture12

1.4 Operating-System Structure15

1.5 Operating-System Operations17

1.6 Process Management20

1.7 Memory Management21

1.8 Storage Management22

1.9 Protection and Security26

1.10 Distributed Systems28

1.11 Special-Purpose Systems29

1.12 Computing Environments31

1.13 Summary34

Exercises36

Bibliographical Notes38

Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures39

2.1 Operating-System Services39

2.2 User Operating-System Interface41

2.3 System Calls43

2.4 Types of System Calls47

2.5 System Programs55

2.6 Operating-System Design and Implementation56

2.7 Operating-System Structure58

2.8 Virtual Machines64

2.9 Operating-System Generation70

2.10 System Boot71

2.11 Summary72

Exercises73

Bibliographical Notes78

PART TWO PROCESS MANAGEMENT79

Chapter 3 Processes81

3.1 Process Concept81

3.2 Process Scheduling85

3.3 Operations on Processes90

3.4 Interprocess Communication96

3.5 Examples of IPC Systems102

3.6 Communication in Client-Server Systems108

3.7 Summary115

Exercises116

Bibliographical Notes125

Chapter 4 Threads127

4.1 Overview127

4.2 Multithreading Models129

4.3 Thread Libraries131

4.4 Threading Issues138

4.5 Operating-System Examples143

4.6 Summary146

Exercises146

Bibliographical Notes151

Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling153

5.1 Basic Concepts153

5.2 Scheduling Criteria157

5.3 Scheduling Algorithms158

5.4 Multiple-Processor Scheduling169

5.5 Thread Scheduling172

5.6 Operating System Examples173

5.7 Algorithm Evaluation181

5.8 Summary185

Exercises186

Bibliographical Notes189

Chapter 6 Process Synchronization191

6.1 Background191

6.2 The Critical-Section Problem193

6.3 Peterson's Solution195

6.4 Synchronization Hardware197

6.5 Semaphores200

6.6 Classic Problems of Synchronization204

6.7 Monitors209

6.8 Synchronization Examples217

6.9 Atomic Transactions222

6.10 Summary230

Exercises231

Bibliographical Notes242

Chapter 7 Deadlocks245

7.1 System Model245

7.2 Deadlock Characterization247

7.3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks252

7.4 Deadlock Prevention253

7.5 Deadlock Avoidance256

7.6 Deadlock Detection262

7.7 Recovery From Deadlock266

7.8 Summary267

Exercises268

Bibliographical Notes271

PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT273

Chapter 8 Main Memory275

8.1 Background275

8.2 Swapping282

8.3 Contiguous Memory Allocation284

8.4 Paging288

8.5 Structure of the Page Table297

8.6 Segmentation302

8.7 Example: The Intel Pentium305

8.8 Summary309

Exercises310

Bibliographical Notes312

Chapter 9 Virtual Memory315

9.1 Background315

9.2 Demand Paging319

9.3 Copy-on-Write325

9.4 Page Replacement327

9.5 Allocation of Frames340

9.6 Thrashing343

9.7 Memory-Mapped Files348

9.8 Allocating Kernel Memory353

9.9 Other Considerations357

9.10 Operating-System Examples363

9.11 Summary365

Exercises366

Bibliographical Notes370

PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT371

Chapter 10 File-System Interface373

10.1 File Concept373

10.2 Access Methods382

10.3 Directory Structure385

10.4 File-System Mounting395

10.5 File Sharing397

10.6 Protection402

10.7 Summary407

Exercises408

Bibliographical Notes409

Chapter 11 File-System Implementation411

11.1 File-System Structure411

11.2 File-System Implementation413

11.3 Directory Implementation419

11.4 Allocation Methods421

11.5 Free-Space Management429

11.6 Efficiency and Performance431

11.7 Recovery435

11.8 Log-Structured File Systems437

11.9 NFS438

11.10 Example: The WAFL File System444

11.11 Summary446

Exercises447

Bibliographical Notes449

Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure451

12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure451

12.2 Disk Structure454

12.3 Disk Attachment455

12.4 Disk Scheduling456

12.5 Disk Management462

12.6 Swap-Space Management466

12.7 RAID Structure468

12.8 Stable-Storage Implementation477

12.9 Tertiary-Storage Structure478

12.10 Summary488

Exercises489

Bibliographical Notes493

Chapter 13 I/O Systems495

13.1 Overview495

13.2 I/O Hardware496

13.3 Application I/O Interface505

13.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem511

13.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations518

13.6 STREAMS520

13.7 Performance522

13.8 Summary525

Exercises526

Bibliographical Notes527

PART FIVE PROTECTION AND SECURITY529

Chapter 14 Protection531

14.1 Goals of Protection531

14.2 Principles of Protection532

14.3 Domain of Protection533

14.4 Access Matrix538

14.5 Implementation of Access Matrix542

14.6 Access Control545

14.7 Revocation of Access Rights546

14.8 Capability-Based Systems547

14.9 Language-Based Protection550

14.10 Summary555

Exercises556

Bibliographical Notes557

Chapter 15 Security559

15.1 The Security Problem559

15.2 Program Threats563

15.3 System and Network Threats571

15.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool576

15.5 User Authentication587

15.6 Implementing Security Defenses592

15.7 Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks599

15.8 Computer-Security Classifications600

15.9 An Example: Windows XP602

15.10 Summary604

Exercises604

Bibliographical Notes606

PART SIX DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS609

Chapter 16 Distributed System Structures611

16.1 Motivation611

16.2 Types of Distributed Operating Systems613

16.3 Network Structure617

16.4 Network Topology620

16.5 Communication Structure622

16.6 Communication Protocols628

16.7 Robustness631

16.8 Design Issues633

16.9 An Example: Networking636

16.10 Summary637

Exercises638

Bibliographical Notes640

Chapter 17 Distributed File Systems641

17.1 Background641

17.2 Naming and Transparency643

17.3 Remote File Access646

17.4 Stateful Versus Stateless Service651

17.5 File Replication652

17.6 An Example: AFS654

17.7 Summary659

Exercises660

Bibliographical Notes661

Chapter 18 Distributed Coordination663

18.1 Event Ordering663

18.2 Mutual Exclusion666

18.3 Atomicity669

18.4 Concurrency Control672

18.5 Deadlock Handling676

18.6 Election Algorithms683

18.7 Reaching Agreement686

18.8 Summary688

Exercises689

Bibliographical Notes690

PART SEVEN SPECIAL-PURPOSE SYSTEMS693

Chapter 19 Real-Time Systems695

19.1 Overview695

19.2 System Characteristics696

19.3 Features of Real-Time Kernels698

19.4 Implementing Real-Time Operating Systems700

19.5 Real-Time CPU Scheduling704

19.6 VxWorks 5.x710

19.7 Summary712

Exercises713

Bibliographical Notes713

Chapter 20 Multimedia Systems715

20.1 What Is Multimedia?715

20.2 Compression718

20.3 Requirements of Multimedia Kernels720

20.4 CPU Scheduling722

20.5 Disk Scheduling723

20.6 Network Management725

20.7 An Example: CineBlitz728

20.8 Summary730

Exercises731

Bibliographical Notes733

PART EIGHT CASE STUDIES735

Chapter 21 The Linux System737

21.1 Linux History737

21.2 Design Principles742

21.3 Kernel Modules745

21.4 Process Management748

21.5 Scheduling751

21.6 Memory Management756

21.7 File Systems764

21.8 Input and Output770

21.9 Interprocess Communication773

21.10 Network Structure774

21.11 Security777

21.12 Summary779

Exercises780

Bibliographical Notes781

Chapter 22 Windows XP783

22.1 History783

22.2 Design Principles785

22.3 System Components787

22.4 Environmental Subsystems811

22.5 File System814

22.6 Networking822

22.7 Programmer Interface829

22.8 Summary836

Exercises836

Bibliographical Notes837

Chapter 23 Influential Operating Systems839

23.1 Early Systems839

23.2 Atlas845

23.3 XDS-940846

23.4 THE847

23.5 RC4000848

23.6 CTSS849

23.7 MULTICS849

23.8 IBM OS/360850

23.9 Mach851

23.10 Other Systems853

Exercises853

Bibliography855

Credits885

Index887