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1 Introduction&by Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus and Jay B.Jeffries1

1.1 Motivation1

1.2 Background3

1.3 Organization3

1.4 References6

Part Ⅰ TECHNIQUES7

2 Detection of Minor Species with Laser Techniques&by Kermit C.Smyth and David R.Crosley9

2.1 Introduction9

2.2 Laser-Based Measurement Techniques for Minor Species10

2.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence15

2.4 Comparison With Models of Combustion Chemistry27

2.5 Other Minor Species28

2.6 References28

2.7 Appendix：Literature Review of Flame Measurements of Minor Constituents33

3 Coherent Techniques for Measurements with Intermediate Concentrations&by Thomas Dreier and Paul Ewart69

3.1 Introduction69

3.2 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing （DFWM）72

3.3 Laser-Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy （LITGS）81

3.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering （CARS）83

3.5 Polarization Spectroscopy （PS）86

3.6 Conclusions92

3.7 References92

4 Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements&by Andrew Mcllroy and Jay B.Jeffries98

4.1 Introduction98

4.2 Background and Motivation99

4.3 The Cavity Ringdown Method101

4.4 Specific Species Detected by CRD in Flames110

4.5 Future Directions119

4.6 Conclusions121

4.7 References122

5 Short-Pulse Techniques：Picosecond Fluorescence，Energy Transfer，and “Quench-Free” Measurements&by Andreas Brockhinke and Mark A.Linne128

5.1 Introduction128

5.2 Basic Physical Concepts129

5.3 Instrumentation133

5.4 Typical Applications，Advantages，and Disadvantages144

5.5 Summary and Perspectives150

5.6 References151

6 Measurement of Temperature in Laboratory Flames and Practical Devices&by Winfried P.Stricker155

6.1 Introduction155

6.2 General Remarks on Temperature Measurements156

6.3 Temperature Measurements by Laser-Spectroscopic Techniques158

6.4 Selected Examples of Temperature Measurements177

6.5 Conclusions184

6.6 References186

7 Flow-Field Diagnostics&by Richard B.Miles194

7.1 Introduction194

7.2 Historical Sketch195

7.3 The Challenge199

7.4 Imaging of Scalar Properties200

7.5 Measurement of Transport Properties208

7.6 Summary215

7.7 References217

8 Multidimensional Diagnostics in Space and Time&by Clemens F.Kaminski and Marshall B.Long224

8.1 Introduction224

8.2 Fundamentals225

8.3 Applications232

8.4 Conclusions，Future Outlook245

8.5 References246

9 Laser-Induced Incandescence&by Robert J.Santoro and Christopher R.Shaddix252

9.1 Introduction252

9.2 Previous LII Studies253

9.3 Theoretical Analysis254

9.4 Experimental Approach260

9.5 Calibration268

9.6 Results274

9.7 Conclusions280

9.8 References281

Part Ⅱ APPLICATIONS287

10 Fuel-Rich Chemistry and Soot Precursors&by Burak Atakan，Heidi Bohm，and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus289

10.1 Introduction289

10.2 Reaction Systems290

10.3 Modeling294

10.4 Experimental Techniques and Strategies296

10.5 Combination of Diagnostic Methods304

10.6 References310

11 Combustion Chemistry of Fire Suppression&by Bradley A.Williams and James W.Fleming317

11.1 Background317

11.2 General Principles of Inhibition319

11.3 Application of Optical Diagnostics to Suppression Chemistry322

11.4 Kinetic Mechanisms of Inhibitors323

11.5 Summary331

11.6 References332

12 Sum-Frequency Generation （SFG） Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Means for the Investigation of Catalytic Combustion&by Hans-Robert Volpp and Jurgen Wolfrum336

12.1 Introduction336

12.2 Fundamentals of Infrared-Visible SFG Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy338

12.3 Experimental Arrangement for In-Situ Diagnostics of Catalytic Combustion Using SFG343

12.4 CO Adsorption/Desorption Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil345

12.5 CO Combustion Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil348

12.6 CO Dissociation Studies on Platinum at High Pressure and Temperature350

12.7 Perspectives and Challenges352

12.8 References355

13 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques&by Alfred Leipertz，Frederik Ossler，and Marcus Alden359

13.1 Introduction359

13.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons360

13.3 Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques368

13.4 Soot Measurements Using Laser-Induced Incandescence （LII）369

13.5 Conclusions376

13.6 References377

14 Multiscalar Diagnostics in Turbulent Flames&by Robert S.Barlow，Campbell D.Carter，and Robert W.Pitz384

14.1 Introduction384

14.2 Experimental Design Considerations385

14.3 Application Example 1：Simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Point Measurements388

14.4 Application Example 2：1-D Measurements of Scalar Dissipation394

14.5 Hydrocarbon Fluorescence Interferences：Nature，Avoidance，and Corrections396

14.6 Calibration Burners400

14.7 Considerations of Precision and Accuracy401

14.8 Other Multiscalar Applications in Combustion401

14.9 Outlook for Multiscalar Diagnostics402

14.10 References402

15 Laser Diagnostics for Droplet Measurements for the Study of Fuel Injection and Mixing in Gas Turbines and IC Engines&by Douglas A.Greenhalgh and Mark Jermy408

15.1 Introduction408

15.2 Basics of Droplet Stability and the Statistics of Sprays411

15.3 Malvern Particle Sizer413

15.4 Phase Doppler Velocimetry414

15.5 Laser Sheet Dropsizing418

15.6 Example Applications and Comparison of Methods424

15.7 References428

16 Optical Measurements in DI Diesel Engines&by Thierry Baritaud431

16.1 Key Problems Related to Diesel Engines431

16.2 Nozzle Flow433

16.3 Sprays and Mixture Formation434

16.4 Self-Ignition and Combustion442

16.5 Pollutant Measurements446

16.6 Summary and Open Problems for Optical Diagnostics in Diesel Engines448

16.7 References450

17 Optical Diagnostics in DI Gasoline Engines&by Werner Hentschel452

17.1 Introduction452

17.2 Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines453

17.3 Engines with Optical Access455

17.4 Flow-Field Development456

17.5 Spray Formation461

17.6 Vaporization and Mixing465

17.7 Combustion469

17.8 Pollutant Formation470

17.9 Future Trends in Optical Engine Diagnostics471

17.10 Conclusions474

17.11 References475

18 Tunable Diode Laser Sensing and Combustion Control&by Mark G.Allen，Edward R.Furlong，and Ronald K.Hanson479

18.1 Introduction and Sensor Overview479

18.2 Measurement Fundamentals481

18.3 Sensor Configuration482

18.4 Example TDL Sensing Applications484

18.5 Applications to Combustion，Engine，and Industrial Process Control489

18.6 Future Opportunities and Needs494

18.7 References496

Part Ⅲ PERSPECTIVES499

19 Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetic Modeling&by Gregory P.Smith501

19.1 Introduction501

19.2 Model Uncertainties503

19.3 Computed Temperatures507

19.4 Kinetic Uncertainty509

19.5 Conclusions514

19.6 References515

20 Diagnostics for Catalytic Combustion&by Olaf Deutschmann and Jurgen Warnatz518

20.1 Introduction to Catalytic Combustion518

20.2 Modeling Catalytic Combustion520

20.3 Development of Surface Reaction Mechanisms524

20.4 Limitations and Challenges528

20.5 Conclusions530

20.6 References530

21 Sensor Requirements for Combustion Control&by Nicolas Docquier and Sebastien Candel534

21.1 Introduction534

21.2 Combustion Control535

21.3 Control Concepts and Sensor Requirements541

21.4 Conclusions550

21.5 References551

22 Diagnostic Challenges for Gas Turbine Combustor Model Validation&by Andreas Dreizler and Johannes Janicka561

22.1 Introduction561

22.2 General Aspects563

22.3 Submodel Development and Validation567

22.4 Integral Model Validation571

22.5 Challenges of Laser Diagnostics for Model Validation577

22.6 References580

23 Opportunities for Diagnostics in the Combustion Synthesis of Materials&by Kenneth Brezinsky587

23.1 Introduction587

23.2 Combustion Synthesis Processes587

23.3 Phenomenological Control and Understanding of Solid/Solid and Solid/Gas Combustion Synthesis591

23.4 Examples of Real-Time Diagnostics for SHS593

23.5 Example of a Diagnostics Opportunity for Gas/Solid SHS597

23.6 Phenomenology of Gas/Gas Flame Synthesis600

23.7 Example of an Opportunity for Diagnostics in Flame Synthesis602

23.8 Conclusions603

23.9 References604

24 Diagnostic Requirements for Toxic Emission Control&by Catherine P.Koshland and Susan L.Fischer606

24.1 Introduction606

24.2 Characteristics of Air Toxics607

24.3 Human Health Burdens Associated with Air Toxics610

24.4 Two Categories to Address612

24.5 Diagnostic Needs620

24.6 Technology Needs621

24.7 Conclusion622

24.8 References622

25 Online Trace Analysis for Time-Resolved Monitoring of Organic Combustion Effluents&by Ulrich Boesl627

25.1 Introduction627

25.2 Principle and Features of Resonant Laser MS628

25.3 Trace Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Combustion Engines634

25.4 Approach for Isomer Selective Trace Analysis of PAHs from Combustion Processes Adsorbed on Aerosols and Other Solid Samples638

25.5 Alternative Laser-Based Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Trace Analysis640

25.6 Final Remarks Concerning Laser MS Instruments for Practical Use642

25.7 References644

26 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS） Sensors for Combustion Exhaust Pollutant Quantification&by Mark S.Zahniser，David D.Nelson，and Charles E.Kolb648

26.1 Combustion Exhaust Products and the Atmosphere648

26.2 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS）652

26.3 Combustion Exhaust TILDAS Applications657

26.4 Summary664

26.5 References665

27 Continuing Developments&by Jay B.Jeffries and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus669

27.1 Introduction669

27.2 Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging670

27.3 Temperature Measurement in Sooting Flames Using Seeded Atoms671

27.4 Detection of Water with Terahertz Absorption672

27.5 CO2 Interferences in Engine Diagnostics672

27.6 Novel Flow-Tagging Velocimetry Approach672

27.7 Advances in Diesel Engine Diagnostics673

27.8 New Diode Laser Sources for Combustion Diagnostics and Control673

27.9 Laser Diagnostics in Combustor Design674

27.10 Summary674

27.11 References674

Abbreviations677

Permissions682

Index691