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Ⅰ.Nature， Evolution， and Context of International Investment Law1

1. International Investment Law as a Field of Study1

2. The Business Nature of a Foreign Investment：A Long-Term Risk3

3. Host State Sovereignty and the Rules of Foreign Investment7

4. Customary International Law： The Emergence of a Minimum Standard11

5. Treaty Law： Evolution and Purpose17

6. Current Trends in Treaty Practice24

7. Regional Agreements： Energy Charter， NAFTA27

Ⅱ.Interpretation and Application of Investment Treaties31

1. Interpreting Investment Treaties31

（a） Methods of Treaty Interpretation31

（b） Travaux Preparatoires33

（c） Interpretative Statements34

（d） The Authority of ‘Precedents’35

（e） Towards a Greater Uniformity of Interpretation37

2. Application of Investment Treaties in Time38

（a） Inter-Temporal Application of Treaties in General38

（b） Different Inter-Temporal Rules for Jurisdiction and Substance39

（c） The Date Relevant to Determine Jurisdiction41

（d） Relevant Dates under the ICSID Convention41

（e） Inter-Temporal Rules in Other Treaties43

Ⅲ.Investors and Investments46

1. Investors： Individuals， Companies， Nationality，and Shareholders46

（a） Private Foreign Investors46

（b） Nationality of Individuals47

（c） Nationality of Corporations49

（d） Article 25（2）（b） of the ICSID Convention： Agreement to Treat a Local Company as a Foreign National because of Foreign Control52

（e） Nationality Planning and Denial of Benefits54

（f） Shareholders as Investors56

2. Investment60

（a） The Concept of an Investment60

（b） Definitions in Investment Protection Treaties62

（c） Case Law65

Ⅳ.Investment Contracts72

1. Types of Investment Contracts72

2. Applicable Law73

3. Stabilization Clauses75

4. Renegotiation/Adaptation77

Ⅴ.Admission and Establishment79

1. The Move towards Economic Liberalism79

2. Treaty Models of Admission80

3. Performance Requirements82

4. Non-Compliance by Investor with Host State Law and International Public Policy84

Ⅵ.Expropriation89

1. The Right to Expropriate89

2. The Three Branches of the Law90

3. The Legality of the Expropriation90

4. Direct and Indirect Expropriation92

（a） Broad Formulae： Their Substance and Evolution92

（b） Judicial and Arbitral Practice： Some Illustrative Cases96

（c） Effect or Intention？101

（d） Legitimate Expectations104

（e） The Issue of Control： Partial Expropriation？106

（f） General Regulatory Measures109

（g） Duration of a Measure112

（h） Creeping Expropriation114

5. Expropriation of Contractual Rights115

Ⅶ.Standards of Protection119

1. Fair and Equitable Treatment119

（a） History of the Concept119

（b） Heterogeneity of Treaty Language121

（c） Nature and Function122

（d） Fair and Equitable Treatment and Customary International Law124

（e） The Evolution of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard128

（f） Attempts at Defining Fair and Equitable Treatment130

（g） Methodological Issues133

（h） Specific Applications of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard133

aa. Transparency， Stability， and the Protection of the Investor’s Legitimate Expectations133

bb. Compliance with Contractual Obligations140

cc. Procedural Propriety and Due Process142

dd. Good Faith144

ee. Freedom from Coercion and Harassment147

（ⅰ） Conclusion148

2. Full Protection and Security149

（a） Concept149

（b） Protection against Physical Violence and Harassment150

（c） Legal Protection151

（d） Relationship to Customary International Law152

3. The Umbrella Clause153

4. Access to Justice， Fair Procedure， and Denial of Justice162

5. Emergency， Necessity， Armed Conflicts， and Force Majeure166

（a） Customary International Law166

（b） Treaty Law167

（c） The ILC Articles on State Responsibility168

aa. Necessity168

bb. Force Majeure171

6. Preservation of Rights172

7. Arbitrary or Discriminatory Measures173

（a） The Meaning of Arbitrary Measures173

（b） Relationship to Fair and Equitable Treatment and to Customary International Law175

（c） The Meaning of Discriminatory Measures176

8. National Treatment178

（a） General Meaning178

（b） Application179

aa. The Basis of Comparison180

bb. The Existence of a Differentiation181

cc. Is there a Justification for the Differentiation？181

dd. The Relevance of Discriminatory Intent183

（c） The Relevance of WTO Case Law184

9. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment186

（a） Introduction186

（b） Variations of MFN Clauses187

（c） Method of Interpretation188

（d） Invoking Substantive Rights188

（e） Current State of the Law190

10. Transfer of Funds191

Ⅷ.State Responsibility and Attribution195

1. Organs， Provinces， and Municipalities195

（a） State Organs196

（b） Provinces and Municipalities197

2. State Entities198

（a） The Role of State Entities198

（b） Structure， Function， and Control200

（c） Judicial Practice on Attribution201

（d） State Responsibility for Failure to Protect204

3. Party Status for Constituent Subdivisions or Agencies under the ICSID Convention205

Ⅸ.Political Risk Insurance207

Ⅹ.Settling Investment Disputes211

1. State v State Disputes211

（a） Diplomatic Protection211

（b） Direct Disputes between States213

2. Investor v State Disputes214

（a） The Role of Domestic Courts214

aa. The Limited Usefulness of Domestic Courts214

bb. The Requirement to Resort to Domestic Courts215

cc. The Fork in the Road216

dd. Selection of Domestic Courts in Contracts217

（b） Arbitration and Conciliation220

（c） Arbitration Institutions and Regimes222

aa. ICSID222

bb. ICSID Additional Facility224

cc. Non-ICSID Investment Arbitration225

ⅰ. The International Chamber of Commerce227

ⅱ. The London Court of International Arbitration227

ⅲ. UNCITRAL Rules227

ⅳ. The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal228

ⅴ. The Permanent Court of Arbitration229

（d） The Subject Matter of the Dispute （Jurisdiction RationeMateriae）230

aa. The Dispute230

bb. The Legal Nature of the Dispute230

cc. The Directness of the Dispute in Relation to the Investment231

dd. The Investment233

（e） The Parties to the Dispute （Jurisdiction Ratione Personae）233

aa. The Host State234

bb. The Investor235

cc. The Investor’s Nationality236

dd. The Significance of the Additional Facility238

（f） Consent to Arbitration238

aa. Consent by Direct Agreement239

bb. Consent through Host State Legislation240

cc. Consent through Bilateral Investment Treaties242

dd. Consent through Multilateral Treaties243

ee. The Scope of Consent244

ff. Procedural Conditions to Consent247

gg. The Interpretation of Consent251

（g） The Applicability of MEN Clauses to Dispute Settlement253

（h） Procedure257

（i） Provisional Measures262

（j） Applicable Law265

（k） Damages and Compensation271

（l） Costs276

（m）Challenge and Review of Decisions277

aa. Review in non-ICSID Arbitration278

bb. Annulment under the ICSID Convention279

ⅰ. Excess of Powers281

ⅱ. Serious Departure from a Fundamental Rule of Procedure283

ⅲ. Failure to State Reasons284

ⅳ. Resubmission to a New Tribunal285

cc. Supplementation and Rectification under the ICSID Convention286

dd. Interpretation under the ICSID Convention286

ee. Revision under the ICSID Convention287

（n） Enforcement ofAwards287

Annexes291

1. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States （ICSID Convention） （March 1965）291

2. Energy Charter Treaty （Parts Ⅰ， Ⅲ， Ⅴ） （December 1994）314

3. North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA），Chapter ⅩⅠ （December 1992）330

4. Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Government of ［& ］ on the Promotion and Protection of Investments （Chinese Model BIT） （2003）352

5. Accord entre le Gouvernement de la Republique Francaise et le Gouvernement de ［& ］ sur l’Encouragement et la Protection Reciproques des Investissements （French Model BIT） （2006）360

6. Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and ［& ］ Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments （German Model BIT） （2005）368

7. Draft Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of ［& ］ for the Promotion and Protection of Investments （UK Model BIT） （2005）376

8. Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of ［& ］ concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment （US Model BIT） （2004）385

Index421