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1. EXCLUSIONS, EXCEPTIONS AND PRELIMINARY ISSUES1

Meaning of"employment"2

Claim in time3

Extension4

Continuing discrimination5

Examples5

Contracting out6

Immunity7

Death of claimant7

Bankruptcy of claimant7

Acts authorised by statute or the executive7

Discovery and particulars8

General principles8

Confidential documents9

Particulars9

Obtaining information10

2. DEFINITIONS OF DISCRIMINATION11

Direct discrimination12

Burden of proof12

Meaning of"less favourable"12

Discriminatory treatment13

Motive13

Stereotypical assumptions14

Causation14

Statutory comparison14

Evidence15

Standard of proof15

Scope of evidence18

Vicarious discrimination19

Associative discrimination19

3. INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION21

General principles22

Provision, criterion or practice22

Disproportionate impact22

Pool for comparison22

Proportionate comparison23

Whether particular disadvantage to claimant23

Justifiable23

Standard of proof23

Tribunal discretion25

4. HARASSMENT27

Third-party harassment30

5. VICTIMISATION31

General principles32

Standard of proof32

Specific examples32

6. EMPLOYER LIABILITY35

Defence36

Secondary liability37

Other unlawful acts37

Aiding unlawful acts37

Instructing, causing or inducing contraventions38

7. DISCRIMINATION BY EMPLOYERS ANDNON-EMPLOYERS39

Selection arrangements40

Offer of employment40

Detrimental treatment40

Discrimination against contract workers40

Discrimination by trade organisations42

Discrimination by qualifications bodies42

8. INDIVIDUAL REMEDIES45

Compensation46

General principles46

Aggravated damages47

Exemplary damages48

Psychiatric injury48

Injury to feelings49

Unintentional indirect discrimination50

Mitigation51

Action recommendation51

Remedies under EU law51

Direct enforcement51

Sanctions53

Time limits53

9. PROTECTED CHARACTERISTICS55

AGE56

EU age discrimination law56

Occupational requirements57

Measures to protect public security and health57

Direct discrimination58

Justification58

General principles58

Retirement59

Terms and conditions59

UK age discrimination law60

Direct discrimination60

Discrimination by employers61

Dismissal62

Benefits based on length of service62

Contractual redundancy scheme62

DISABILITY63

EU disability discrimination law63

UK disability discrimination law63

Meaning of disability63

General approach63

Meaning of impairment64

Excluded conditions65

Long-term effects65

Normal day-to-day activities66

Recurring conditions67

Substantial adverse effect67

Severe disfigurement68

Effect of medical treatment68

Progressive conditions69

Employment discrimination69

Direct discrimination69

Duty to make reasonable adjustment70

Provision, criterion or practice70

When duty applies70

Failure to make reasonable adjustment72

Victimisation73

Disability discrimination by employers73

Dismissal73

Remedies74

Compensation74

GENDER REASSIGNMENT74

PREGNANCY AND MATERNITY75

EU pregnancy and maternity discrimination law75

Pregnancy and sex discrimination75

Pregnancy and working conditions76

Pregnancy and dismissal76

UK pregnancy and mnternity discrimination law78

Compensation79

RACE DISCRIMINATION80

EU race discrimination law80

Grounds of race80

UK race discrimination law80

Meaning of race80

Vicarious discrimination81

Segregation82

Direct discrimination82

Discriminatory treatment82

Motive82

Stererotypical assumptions82

Statutory comparison82

Indirect discrimination82

Discrimination by employers82

Promotion, transfer or training82

Detrimental treatment83

RELIGION OR BELIEF DISCRIMINATION83

EU religion or belief discrimination law83

UK religion or belief discrimination law83

Meaning of religion or belief83

Exclusions and exceptions84

Occupational requirements84

Direct discrimination84

Statutory comparison84

Indirect discrimination85

Disproportionate impact85

Justifiable85

Harassment85

SEX DISCRIMINATION86

EU sex discrimination law86

Sex as a determining factor86

Positive action86

Access to jobs87

Access to training88

Working conditions and dismissal88

Discriminatory retirement ages88

Indirect discrimination under EC law88

UK sex discrimination law90

Direct discrimination under UK law90

Indirect discrimination90

Disproportionate impact90

Justifiable90

SEXUAL ORIENTATION DISCRIMINATION91

EU sexual orientation discrimination law91

UK sexual orientation discrimination law91

Organised religion91

Direct discrimination92

Harassment92

10. EQUAL PAY95

EU equal pay law95

Claim in time96

Same work97

Burden of proof97

Meaning of "pay"98

Legislation98

Collective agreements99

Overtime99

Sick pay100

Pregnancy100

Maternity pay100

Parental leave101

Time off101

Pension schemes102

Scope of Article 141102

Temporal limitation104

Admission105

Bridging pensions106

Notice payment106

Redundancy payment106

Severance pay107

Unfair dismissal compensation107

Travel facilities107

UK equal pay law107

Claim in time107

Reference by court to tribunal109

Choice of comparator109

Common terms and conditions110

Associated employers111

Like work112

Differences of practical importance112

Responsibility112

Time of work113

Work rated as equivalent113

Equal value114

Scope for comparison114

Job evaluation114

Burden of proof115

Work rated unequal115

Independent expert's report116

Defences117

Burden of proof117

Grounds for the pay difference118

Sex discrimination119

Specific defences120

Collective agreements120

Quality of work120

Productivity120

Additional obligations121

Training121

Service payments121

Protected pay121

Financial constraints122

Hours of work123

Market forces123

Effect of the equality clause124

Remedies126