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Ⅰ. BASIC CONCEPTS1

1. Introduction to Chemistry1

2. Measurement in Chemistry15

3. Matter and Energy57

4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions84

Ⅱ. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS119

5. Chemical Formulas and Names119

6. Chemical Reactions and Equations147

7. Chemical Composition186

8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions218

Ⅲ. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS251

9. Electron Structure of Atoms251

10. Chemical Bonding289

Ⅳ STATES OF MATTER323

11. The Gaseous State323

12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules361

13. Solutions392

V. CHEMICAL REACTION CONCEPTS435

14. Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibum435

15. Acids and Bases472

16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions502

Ⅵ. ADDITIONAL TOPICS538

17. Nuclear Chemistry538

18. Organic Chemistry566

19. Biochemistry616

1. Introduction to Chemistry1

1.1 The Science of Chemistry3

1.2 A Short History of Chemistry6

1.3 The Scientific Method10

Chemical Perspective The Discovery of Vitamin C12

Chapter Review13

Questions to Test Your Reading13

Practice Exam14

2. Measurement in Chemistry15

METRIC UNITS16

2.1 Measured Numbers and Units17

2.2 Writing Measurements in Scientific Notation18

2.3 Units of Length, Volume, and Mass21

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES25

2.4 Significant Figures and Uncertainty in Measurement25

2.5 Significant Figures in Arithmetic Results29

CALCULATIONS33

2.6 Temperature and Changing Temperature Scales33

Chemical Perspective “Normal” Body Temperature37

2.7 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis38

2.8 Density42

Chemical Perspective Your Body Fat from a Density Measurement48

Chapter Review49

Questions to Test Your Reading50

Practice Problems51

Practice in Problem Analysis55

Practice Exam56

3. Matter and Energy57

MATTER59

3.1 States of Matter59

Chemical Perspective Molecules in Motion62

3.2 Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties63

3.3 Substances and Mixtures65

3.4 Elements and Compounds67

3.5 Law of Conservation of Mass70

ENERGY71

3.6 Types of Energy71

3.7 Heat and Heat Calculations73

3.8 Law of Conservation of Energy76

Chemical Perspective Energy on Earth77

Chapter Review78

Questions to Test Your Reading79

Practice Problems80

Practice in Problem Analysis82

Practice Exam83

4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions84

ATOMS86

4.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory86

4.2 Particle Structure of the Atom88

Chemical Perspective Electric Charge and Ben Franklin94

4.3 Atomic Weights95

4.4 Periodic Table of the Elements98

MOLECULES AND IONS103

4.5 The “Molecular” Basis of Substances103

4.6 Comparing Molecular and Ionic Substances104

4.7 Molecular Substances and Their Formulas105

4.8 Ionic Substances and Their Formulas108

4.9 Electrical Properties of Substances in Solution110

Chemical Perspective Seeing Atoms112

Chapter Review113

Questions to Test Your Reading114

Practice Problems115

Practice in Problem Analysis117

Practice Exam118

5. Chemical Formulas and Names119

IONIC COMPOUNDS121

5.1 Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds121

5.2 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal Formsa Single Cation125

5.3 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal FormsSeveral Cations128

5.4 Compounds with Polyatomic Ions131

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS134

5.5 Binary Molecular Compounds134

Chemical Perspective NO—A Molecular Messenger137

ACIDS138

5.6 Naming Binary Acids138

5.7 Naming Oxyacids138

Chemical Perspective Beetles, Antiseptics, and Bleaches140

Chapter Review141

Questions to Test Your Reading142

Practice Problems143

Practice in Problem Analysis145

Practice Exam146

6. Chemical Reactions and Equations147

RECOGNIZING AND SYMBOLIZINGCHEMICAL REACTIONS149

Recognizing Chemical Reactions149

6.2 Chemical Equations150

6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations153

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS158

6.4 Combination and Decomposition Reactions159

6.5 Single-Replacement Reactions162

6.6 Double-Replacement Reactions165

Chemical Perspective Carbon Dioxide and the Permian Extinction168

6.7 Double Replacement: Solid Forms （Precipitation）169

6.8 Double Replacement: Gas Forms172

6.9 Double Replacement: Water Forms （Neutralization）174

6.10 Combustion Reactions176

Chemical Perspective Hemoglobin and Its Remarkable Reactions178

Chapter Review179

Questions to Test Your Reading180

Practice Problems180

Practice in Problem Analysis184

Practice Exam184

7. Chemical Composition186

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS, FORMULA WEIGHTS,AND MOLES188

7.1 Molecular Weight and Formula Weight188

Chemical Perspective Using Molecular Weights: Discovery of Buckyball191

7.2 The Mole192

7.3 Molar Mass195

7.4 Molar Masses in Calculations: Grams to Moles197

7.5 Molar Masses in Calculations: Moles to Grams198

7.6 Percentage Composition199

DETERMINING CHEMICAL FORMULAS203

7.7 Chemical Analysis and Mass Percentages204

7.8 Empirical Formulas205

7.9 Molecular Formulas208

Chemical Perspective A Cancer Drug from an Unlikely Experiment212

Chapter Review212

Questions to Test Your Reading213

Practice Problems214

Practice in Problem Analysis216

Practice Exam217

8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions218

MOLE AND MASS CALCULATIONS FROM CHEMICAL EQUATIONS220

8.1 Interpreting a Balanced Chemical Equation220

8.2Mole Calculations from Chemical Equations221

8.3 Mass Calculations from Chemical Equations225

Chemical Perspective Digital X-Ray Photography231

LIMITING REACTANTS AND PERCENTAGE YIELDS232

8.4 Identifying Limiting Reactants233

8.5 Calculations with Limiting Reactants236

8.6 Percentage Yields240

Chemical Perspective Nitrogen, the Limiting Reactant for Plant Growth243

Chapter Review244

Questions to Test Your Reading245

Practice Problems245

Practice in Problem Analysis249

Practice Exam250

9. Electron Structure of Atoms251

ENERGY LEVELS AND ATOMIC ORBITALS253

9.1 Light and Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation254

9.2 Bohr's Theory of the Atom256

9.3 Orbitals, Electron Shells, and Subshells258

Chemical Perspective Seeing and Moving Atoms265

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS266

9.4 Electron Configurations of the First Eighteen Elements266

9.5 Periodicity of Electron Configurations270

9.6 Using the Periodic Table to Obtain Electron Configurations271

9.7 Valence-Shell Configuration of a Main-Group Element274

PERIODIC PROPERTIES275

9.8 Periodicity of Atomic and Ionic Radii276

9.9 Periodicity of Ionization Energies279

Chemical Perspective The Greenhouse Effect282

Chapter Review284

Questions to Test Your Reading285

Practice Problems286

Practice in Problem Analysis288

Practice Exam288

10. Chemical Bonding289

IONIC BONDS290

10.1 Forming an Ionic Bond from Atoms291

10.2 Describing Ionic Bond Formation by Electron-Dot Symbols293

COVALENT BONDS295

10.3 Covalent Bonding as a Sharing of Electron Pairs296

10.4 Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds299

10.5 General Method of Writing Electron-Dot Formulas301

Chemical Perspective Explosives and Bond Strengths308

SHAPES OF MOLECULES309

10.6 Molecular Structure309

10.7 The VSEPR Model of Molecular Shape310

Chemical Perspective Computer-Generated Molecular Modeling317

Chapter Review318

Questions to Test Your Reading319

Practice Problems320

Practice in Problem Analysis322

Practice Exam322

11The Gaseous State323

GASES AND THEIR BEHAVIOR325

11.1 The Nature of Gases325

11.2 Gas Pressure326

Chemical Perspective Blood Pressure330

11.3 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases330

THE GAS LAWS AND STOICHIOMETRY331

11.4 Boyle's Law （Pressure and Volume）332

11.5 Charles's Law （Volume and Temperature）336

11.6 The Combined Gas Law （Pressure, Volume, and Temperature）341

11.7 Avogadro's Law （Volume and Moles）342

11.8 The Ideal Gas Law345

11.9 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures349

11.10 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases351

Chemical Perspective Holes in the Ozone Layer354

Chapter Review355

Questions to Test Your Reading356

Practice Problems356

Practice in Problem Analysis359

Practice Exam359

12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules361

MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER363

12.1 The States of Matter and Changes in These States363

12.2 The Energy for a Change of State366

12.3 Vapor Pressure and Evaporation369

Chemical Perspective Relative Humidity373

MOLECULAR EXPLANATIONS374

12.4 A Kinetic Molecular Description of Gases, Liquids, and Solids374

12.5 The Liquid State376

12.6 The Solid State381

Chemical Perspective Why Does Ice Float?386

Chapter Review386

Questions to Test Your Reading388

Practice Problems388

Practice in Problem Analysis390

Practice Exam391

13. Solutions392

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUTIONS394

13.1 Some Terms Used to Describe Solutions394

13.2 Types of Solutions395

13.3 General Properties of Solutions397

CONCEPT OF SOLUBILITY398

13.4Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions398

13.5 The Solution Process400

13.6 Factors That Affect Solubility401

Chemical Perspective Soap, the Molecular Diplomat404

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION406

13.7 Mass Percent of Solute406

13.8 Molarity and lity410

13.9 Molality419

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES420

13.10 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation420

13.11 Osmotic Pressure423

Chemical Perspective Water, the （Somewhat） Universal Solvent426

Chapter Review427

Questions to Test Your Reading429

Practice Problems430

Practice in Problem Analysis433

Practice Exam434

14Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium435

REACTION RATES437

14.1 Collision Theoryand Activation Energy438

14.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates439

Chemical Perspective A Car's Catalytic Converter442

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM442

14.3 The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium443

14.4 The Equilibrium Expression445

14.5 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant446

14.6 Using an Equilibrium Constant449

14.7 Heterogeneous Equilibria451

14.8 Le Chatelier's Principle454

Chemical Perspective Carbon Monoxide and Hemoglobin464

Chapter Review465

Questions to Test Your Reading466

Practice Problems467

Practice in Problem Analysis470

Practice Exam470

15. Acids and Bases474

ACID-BASE REACTIONS AND DEFINITIONS474

15.1The Arrhenius Theoryof Acids and Bases474

15.2 Neutralization, Salts, and Net Ionic Equations475

15.3 The Bronsted-LowryTheory477

Chemical Perspective Acids, Bases, Baking Powder, and Dough480

15.4 The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases480

15.5 Water: An Acid and a Base484

QUANTIFYING ACID AND BASE SOLUTIONS485

15.6 Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Solutions485

15.7 pH488

15.8 Measuring pH492

15.9 Buffer Solutions494

Chemical Perspective Acid Rain495

Chapter Review496

Questions to Test Your Reading497

Practice Problems498

Practice in Problem Analysis500

Practice Exam500

16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions502

UNDERSTANDING OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS503

16.1 Oxidation and Reduction504

Chemical Perspective Viitamin C, the Antioxidant507

16.2 Activity Series508

16.3 Oxidation Numbers510

16.4 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations by theHalf-Reaction Method516

ELECTROCHEMISTRY524

16.5 Voltaic Cells525

16.6 Electrolytic Cells528

16.7 Three Important Batteries529

Chemical Perspective Electrochemistand Rusting531

Chapter Review532

Questions to Test Your Reading533

Practice Problems534

Practice in Problem Analysis536

Practice Exam537

17. Nuclear ChemistryRADIOACTIVITY540

17.1 The Nuclear Model Revisited540

17.2 Radioactive Decay541

17.3 Nuclear Transmutation546

17.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay and Half-Life548

Chemical Perspective The Shroud of Turin552

17.5 Radioactivity Detection and Measurement552

17.6 Medical Applications553

17.7 Everyday Sources and Biological Effects of Radiation555

NUCLEAR ENERGY556

17.8 Nuclear Fission557

17.9 Nuclear Fusion560

Chemical Perspective Like Mother, Like Daughter561

Chapter Review562

Questions to Test Your Reading563

Practice Problems563

Practice in Problem Analysis565

Practice Exam565

18. Organic Chemistry566

BONDING AND STRUCTURE IN ORGANICCOMPOUNDS568

18.1 Carbon-Atom Bonding568

18.2 Structural Formulas and Isomers569

HYDROCARBONS571

18.3 Alkanes571

18.4 Alkenes and Alkynes581

18.5 Polyalkene Polymers585

18.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons587

OXYGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS591

18.7 Alcohols592

18.8 Aldehydes and Ketones597

18.9 Carboxylic Acids and Esters600

NITROGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS603

18.10 Amines604

18.11 Amides and Polyamides604

Chemical Perspective The Discoveryof Nylon606

Chapter Review607

Questions to Test Your Reading608

Practice Problems609

Practice in Problem Analysis614

Practice Exam614

19. Biochemistry616

THE CELL618

19.1 Cell Structure618

19.2 Biological Molecules: An Overview619

PROTEINS621

19.3 Amino Acids622

19.4 Primary Structure of a Protein622

19.5 Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein628

CARBOHYDRATES629

19.6 Monosaccharides630

19.7 Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides633

NUCLEIC ACIDS634

19.8 Nucleotides634

19.9 Deoxybonucleic Acid and the Double Helix635

19.10 Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Biosynthesis638

LIPIDS642

19.11 Triacylglycerols642

19.12 Phospholipids643

Chemical Perspective Dinosaurs, Human Origins, and Ancient Molecules644

Chapter Review645

Questions to Test Your Reading646

Practice Problems647

Practice in Problem Analysis649

Practice Exam649