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Part Ⅰ General Topics3

1 Introduction3

1.1 Paradise Lost?3

1.2 A World of Misery: Doom or Reality?5

1.3 Comparing Apples and Oranges?6

1.4 Compelling Reasons to Adopt a Broader View7

1.5 The Aim of the Book9

1.6 Mission Impossible from Scratch Onwards?10

2 Climate Change11

2.1 Introduction11

2.2 The Phenomenon Climate Change11

2.3 The Impact of Climate Change13

2.4 A Not Undisputed View14

2.5 Climate Change Allegedly Already Causes Major Harm World-wide17

2.6 Climate Change Broadly Perceived as a Serious Threat with Potentially Far-Reaching Consequences19

2.7 An Economic Perspective21

2.8 A Political Deadlock22

2.9 Potential Solutions24

3 The Doom of Unsustainability in Other Fields27

4 The Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath31

5 A Remarkable Meeting of Minds37

5.1 Introduction37

5.2 The Goal of the Principles38

5.3 The Core of the Principles39

5.3.1 Introduction39

5.3.2 Liability of States for Human Rights Abuses by Enterprises40

5.3.3 The Obligations Vested on and Liability of Enterprises for Human Rights Violations41

5.3.4 Extension of Enterprises’ Obligations42

5.3.5 Due Diligence42

5.4 A Bold and Useful Step Forward, but Fraught with Risk43

5.5 The ‘Reception’ of the Principles44

5.6 Conclusion45

Part Ⅱ Climate Change as Pars Pro Toto49

6 Introduction: Could the Law Serve as Crowbar to Come to Grips with Climate Change?49

7 The Vital Role of the Judiciary51

8 Enforceable Obligations towards Future Generations?55

8.1 Introduction55

8.2 Legal Aspects56

8.3 Which Obligations Do We Have towards Future Generations?59

9 Precautionary Principle61

9.1 Introduction61

9.2 What Is the Precautionary Principle about?61

9.3 Precautionary Principle Embedded in the Law62

9.4 But the Assumptions May Turn Out to Be Mistaken64

9.5 Conclusion65

10 Legal Bases for Litigation （in Case Need Would Be）67

10.1 Introduction67

10.2 International Law68

10.3 Human Rights71

10.3.1 Introduction71

10.3.2 Climate Change as a Human Rights Issue72

10.3.3 Unorthodox Exercises75

10.3.4 The Widest Possible Spectre80

10.3.5 Making Things More Concrete82

10.3.6 The Role of Enterprises82

10.3.7 Conclusion85

10.4 National Tort Law86

10.4.1 Introduction87

10.4.2 The Hard Core of Tort Law88

10.4.3 Prima Facie Arguably not so Obvious Analogies90

10.4.4 Conclusion92

10.5 Historical Contributions （the Temporal Dimension）92

10.5.1 Introduction92

10.5.2 How to Deal with the Wrongfulness of Emissions in the （Distant） Past?93

10.6 Last ‘Drop’97

11 The Law in Ever Growing Imbalance99

11.1 Introduction99

11.2 Potential Arguments to Butter the Defendant’s Case99

11.3 Unrelated, but Still Important Analogies101

11.4 Conclusion103

12 How Far Should GHG-Emissions Be Reduced?107

12.1 Introduction107

12.2 The Meaning of ‘Developed’ Country109

12.3 Obligations of States110

12.3.1 The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities as a Starting Point?110

12.3.2 Preliminary Questions111

12.3.2.1 Introduction111

12.3.2.2 What Can Be Done?112

12.3.3 Making Obligations of Developed Countries More Concrete: A First Try114

12.3.4 The Concept of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities117

12.3.5 Various Submissions by Others to Attach a Concrete Meaning to CDR121

12.3.6 Obligations per Capita or per Country?127

12.3.7 Relevant Criteria129

12.3.8 A New Try to Develop Criteria133

12.3.8.1 Starting Points133

12.3.8.2 A Need for Reconsideration134

12.3.8.3 New Submissions135

12.3.9 Who Should Assume the Obligations of the ‘Unwilling’?138

12.3.9.1 Introduction138

12.3.9.2 Legal Obligations to Step in Where Others Fail?139

12.3.9.3 Conclusion141

12.3.10 Obligations of Enterprises142

12.3.10.1 Introduction142

12.3.10.2 International Law and Enterprises142

12.3.10.3 The Obligations of Enterprises143

12.3.10.4 Obligations of Private Persons150

13 Liability of Others151

13.1 D＆O-Liability151

13.2 Various Targets153

13.2.1 Introduction153

13.2.2 Insurance Industry156

13.2.3 Banking Industry159

13.2.4 Pension Funds160

13.2.5 Supervisory Institutions160

13.2.6 Conclusion160

14 Defenses163

14.1 Introduction163

14.2 The Political Argument163

14.3 Difficulties to Sort Out the Necessary Facts165

14.4 Compliance with Permits, National Law or the Targets Set in Interna-tional Agreements166

14.4.1 No Agreement Can Be Reached, so It Is a Lawless Realm166

14.4.2 Not Beyond the Targets of International Agreements?167

14.4.3 Compliance with National Law170

14.4.4 Compliance with Permits170

14.4.5 The Alleged Lack of Clarity about the Law as It Stands171

14.4.6 Waiting for Advances in Technology?172

15 Causation175

15.1 Introduction175

15.2 The Adverse Effects Would Have Occurred Anyway175

15.3 Minimal Causation176

15.4 No Causal Link between the Damage in Point and the Defendant’s GHG-Emissions178

15.5 Opening the Floodgates? Ways to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits178

16 Remedies181

16.1 Introduction181

16.2 Damages181

16.2.1 Introduction181

16.2.2 Arguments for Compensation182

16.2.3 The Dilemma of Crushing Liability?184

16.2.4 A Choice between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea187

16.2.5 How to Keep Liability within Bearable Limits189

16.2.6 Conclusion190

16.3 Adaptation Cost191

16.4 Mitigation Cost193

16.5 Injunctive Relief194

16.5.1 Introduction194

16.5.2 Requirements for Injunctive Relief195

16.5.2.1 Introduction195

16.5.2.2 The Requirements for Injunctions195

16.5.2.3 Clean Hands196

16.5.2.4 Mission Impossible?196

16.6 Declaratory Relief198

17 Criminal Responses201

18 Other Strategies207

19 The Importance of Collecting the ‘Right’ Information213

20 A Search for the Right Allies217

Part Ⅲ Lessons for Other Looming Crises225

21 How to Deal with Financial Crises, （Un）sustainable Development and the Eradication of Poverty?225

21.1 Introduction225

21.2 Financial Crises225

21.2.1 The Causes of the Financial Crises225

21.2.2 An Information Gap226

21.2.3 Legal Obligations227

21.2.4 The Way Ahead: Ex Ante Measures228

21.2.5 The New Way Ahead: Ex Post Steps231

21.2.6 A Search for Allies232

21.2.7 Conclusion232

21.3 Sustainable Development233

21.3.1 Introduction233

21.3.2 Attaching Legal Significance to Pledges234

21.3.3 Emphasis Should Be Put on Prevention234

21.3.4 Making Obligations more Concrete235

21.3.5 Other Issues237

21.4 Eradication of Poverry237

Part Ⅳ Law Reform and Epilogue241

22 Law Reform Desirable241

23 Epilogue243

Bibliography247

Table of Cases271