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Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Behavior1

Theories of Crime2

Theoretical Perspectives on Human Nature4

Perspectives in Criminology6

Sociological Criminology6

Psychological Criminology7

Psychiatric Criminology9

Psychoanalytic Tradition10

Defining and Measuring Crime11

Uniform Crime Reporting System11

UCR Problems14

The National Incident-Based Reporting System15

Hate Crimes17

Self-Report Studies20

Drug Abuse Self-Report Surveys21

Victimization Surveys22

Juvenile Delinquency24

Recap: Defining Crime and Delinquency25

Key Concepts27

Review Questions27

Chapter 2 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors28

Social Risk Factors29

Poverty29

Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers31

Preschool Experiences33

After-School Care34

School Failure35

Parental and Family Risk Factors35

Single-Parent Households35

Parental Styles and Practices36

Parental Monitoring39

Influence of Siblings40

Parental Psychopathology40

Lack of Attachment40

Psychological Risk Factors42

Lack of Empathy42

Cognitive and Language Deficiencies43

Intelligence and Delinquency44

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)47

ADHD and Criminal Behavior48

Conduct Disorder49

Summary and Conclusions50

Key Concepts51

Review Questions51

Chapter 3 Origins of Crininal Behavior: Biological Factors52

Genetics and Antisocial Behavior53

Twin Studies54

Twin Studies and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research57

Adoption Studies58

Psychophysiological Factors60

Temperament61

Three Things That Define Temperament62

Environmental Risk Factors63

Birth Complications64

Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Exposure65

Brain Development65

Neuropsychological Factors67

Hormones and Neurotransmitters67

Heredity and the XYY Chromosome68

Epilepsy and Violence69

Eysenck's Theory of Personality and Crime70

Measurement of Eysenck's Theory71

Extraversion72

Physiological Bases of Extraversion-lntroversion73

Neuroticism75

Neurophysiological Bases of Neuroticism-Stability75

Psychoticism77

Crime and Conditionability77

The Evidence for Eysenck's Theory80

Summary and Conclusions82

Key Concepts84

Review Questions84

Chapter 4 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational Factors85

Behaviorism86

Skinner's Theory of Behavior87

Social Learning91

Expectancy Theory93

Imitational Aspects of Social Learning93

Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory94

Frustration-Induced Criminality96

The Socialized and Individual Offender97

Frustration-Induced Riots97

Frustration and Crime98

Situational Instigators and Regulators of Criminal Behavior98

Authority as an Instigator of Criminal Behavior99

Deindividuation102

Stanford Prison Study105

Moral Disengagement106

Deindividuation and Crowd Violence107

Summary and Conclusions108

Key Concepts109

Review Questions109

Chapter 5 Human Aggression and Violence110

Defining Aggression112

Hostile and Instrumental Aggression112

Interpretation by Victim113

Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression114

Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Viewpoint114

Ethological Viewpoints115

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis116

Cognitive-Neoassociation Model118

Excitation Transfer Theory118

Displaced Aggression Theory119

Aggressive Driving and Road Rage119

Social Learning Factors in Aggression and Violence121

Modeling122

Types of Models122

Observation Modeling123

Cognitive Models of Aggression124

Cognitive Scripts Model124

Hostile Attribution Bias125

Aggressive Behavior: Simple and Easy to Use126

Overt and Covert Acts of Aggression127

Reactive and Proactive Forms of Aggression128

Gender Differences in Aggression129

Effects of Media Violence130

Contagion Effect133

Summary and Conclusions134

Key Concepts136

Review Questions136

Chapter 6 Juvenile Delinquency137

Legal Definitions of Delinquency139

Child Delinquents139

Social Definitions of Delinquency140

Psychological Definitions140

The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending140

Status Offenses142

The Serious Delinquent144

Gender Differences in Juvenile Offending144

A Further Word on Status Offenses145

Developmental Theories of Delinquency146

Moffitt's Developmental Theory147

Coercion Developmental Theory151

Other Developmental Theories153

Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Juvenile Offending153

Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies153

Characteristics of Successful Programs153

They Begin Early154

They Follow Developmental Principles154

They Focus on Multiple Settings and Systems155

They Acknowledge and Respect Cultural Backgrounds155

They Focus on the Family First156

Classification of Prevention and Intervention Programs156

Primary Prevention158

The Enchancement and Development of Resilience158

Selective Prevention160

The Fast Track Experiment160

Treatment Approaches161

Traditional Residential Treatment163

Nontraditional Residential Treatment164

Community Treatment: MST with SeriousOffenders166

Summary and Conclusions168

Key Concepts169

Review Questions170

Chapter 7 Criminal Psychopathy171

What is a Psychopath?171

An Example of a Psychopath172

Behavioral Descriptions174

Charming and Verbally Fluent174

Psychological Testing Differences175

Psychopaths and Mental Disorders175

Do Psychopaths Ever Commit Suicide?176

Other Principal Traits176

The Criminal Psychopath178

Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy178

Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths179

Psychological Measures of Psychopathy180

Core Factors of Psychopathy181

Recidivism183

The Female Psychopath183

Racial/Ethnic Differences184

Juvenile Psychopathy185

Can Juvenile Psychopathy be Identified?186

Ethical Considerations186

Psychopathic Traits in Juvenile Delinquents187

Measures of Juvenile Psychopathy188

Biological Factors and Psychopathy188

Genetic Factors189

Neurophysiology and Psychopathy189

Central Nervous System Differences190

Hemisphere Asymmetry and Deficiency190

Frontal Neuropsychological Studies191

Amygdala Dysfunction192

Stimulation Seeking192

Optimal Arousal of the Cerebral Cortex193

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Research196

Autonomic Nervous System Research197

Childhood of the Psychopath200

Treatment of Psychopaths201

Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic Features203

Summary and Conclusions204

Key Concepts206

Review Questions206

Chapter 8 Crime and Mental Disorders207

Defining Mental Illness209

The DSM-IV210

Schizophrenic Disorders211

Delusional Disorders212

Depressive Disorders213

Antisocial Personality Disorder213

Competency and Criminal Responsibility215

Incompetency to Stand Trial215

Criminal Responsibility218

Insanity Standards221

The M'Naghten Rule221

The Brawner Rule and the American Law Institute Rule222

The Durham Rule: The Product Test223

The Insanity Defense Reform Act223

Guilty but Mentally Ill225

Unique Defenses225

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder225

Pathological Gamblers' Syndrome227

Dissociative Identity Disorder228

Amnesia231

Mental Disorder and Violence231

Research on the Violence of the Mentally Disordered232

The MacArthur Research Network234

Police and the Mentally Disordered234

Mentally Disordered Inmates235

Diagnoses of Mentally Disordered Inmates237

Dangerousness and the Assessment of Risk238

Risk Assessment238

TheTarasoff Case239

Predictors of Dangerous Behavior242

Current Risk Assessment Measures242

Summary and Conclusions244

Key Concepts245

Review Questions246

Chapter 9 Homicide, Assault, and Family Violence247

Definitions249

Criminal Homicide250

Aggravated Assault251

Demographic Factors of Homicide251

Race/Ethnic Origin251

Gender Differences252

Age252

Socioeconomic Class252

Circumstances252

Weapons Used in Violence254

Juvenile Weapon Possession254

Weapons and Violence254

Sniper Attacks255

Psychological Aspects of Homicide256

General Altercation Homicide258

Felony Commission Homicides259

Juvenile Murder260

Demographics and Psychological Characteristics of Juvenile Murderers261

The Dynamic Cascade Model262

Treatment of Juveniles Who Kill263

Family Violence264

Prevalence264

Ethnic/Minority Differences265

Victims265

Brief History of the Modern Era of Family Violence266

Incidence, Prevalence, and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect268

Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children269

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy270

Shaken Baby Syndrome271

Infanticide271

Neonaticide272

Filicide273

Partner and Other Family Abuse275

Intimate Partner Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature275

Same-Sex Domestic Violence276

Psychological and Demographic Characteristics of Abusers276

Elderly Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature278

Sibling-to-Sibling Violence280

Child-to-Parent Violence280

Multiassaultive Families282

The Cycle of Violence282

The Effects of Family Violence on Children283

The Nature and Theory of Family Violence285

Cessation of Family Violence286

Summary and Conclusions288

Key Concepts288

Review Questions289

Chapter 10 Multiple Murder, School, and Workplace Violence290

Investigative Psychology290

Crime Scene Investigative Methods291

Profiling294

Criminal Profiling295

Research on Criminal Profiling297

Geographical Profiling298

The Psychological Autopsy299

Racial Profiling299

Multiple Murderers301

Definitions302

Serial Murderers303

Psychological Motives and Causes304

Research on Backgrounds305

Female Serial Killers306

The Victimological Perspective in Understanding Serial Killers306

Geographical Location of Serial Killing307

Ethnic and Racial Characteristics307

Juvenile Serial Murderers308

Typologies of Serial Murderers308

Mass Murderers309

Classic Mass Murder310

A Mass Murder Typology310

Product Tampering312

School Violence313

School Shootings314

Psychological Characteristics of School Shooters315

School Bullying316

Workplace Violence317

Defining Workplace Violence317

Examples of Workplace Violence318

Perpetrators of Workplace Violence320

Summary and Conclusions322

Key Concepts323

Review Questions324

Chapter 11 Psychology of Terrorism325

Definitions and Examples326

Classification of Terrorist Groups329

ATerrorist Typology331

Followers and Leaders: Who Joins and Who Leads332

Why Do They join?333

Becoming a Terrorist: The Process of Radicalization334

Fail-Safe Procedures335

Terrorist Leaders335

Lone Wolf Terrorists336

The Psychosocial Context of Terrorism338

Psychology of Terrorist Motives and Justifications339

Additional Disengagement Practices340

Psychological Nature of Terrorism341

Cognitive Restructuring341

Moral Development343

Summary and Conclusions346

Key Concepts346

Review Questions347

Chapter 12 Sexual Assault348

Who Offends?349

Legislation to Deter Sex Offenders350

Rape: Definitions and Statistics353

Date or Acquaintance Rape354

Incidence and Prevalence of Rape354

Impact on Victims356

Psychological Effects on Victims356

Situational and Victimization Characteristics357

Rape Offender Characteristics358

Age358

Offending History358

Demographics359

Assumptions About Why Men Rape359

Deniers and Admitters361

Self-Reported Reasons for Sexual Assault361

Classification of Rape Patterns362

Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System363

The MTC:R3365

The Groth Typology368

Etiology or Causes of Rape369

Attitudes toward Rape369

Rape Myths371

Sexual Assault and Pornography372

The (Non)Mentally Disordered Sex Offender374

Summary and Conclusion376

Key Concepts377

Review Questions377

Chapter 13 Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other Sexual Offenses378

Incidence and Prevalence of Pedophilia380

Situational and Victimization Characteristics381

Types of Sexual Contact382

Psychological Effects of Child Sexual Victimization382

Offender Characteristics383

Gender of the Offender383

Age384

Attitudes Toward Victims384

Cognitive Functions385

Occupational and Socioeconomic Status385

Interpersonal and Social Skills385

Classification of Child Offender Patterns386

The MTC:CM3388

The Groth Classification Model390

Female Sex Offender Typology391

Juvenile Sex Offenders393

Female Juvenile Sex Offenders393

Recidivism of Pedophiles394

Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders395

Theories on Potential Causes395

Exhibitionism397

Situational Characteristics398

Offender Characteristics399

Voyeurism and Fetishism400

Treatment of Sex Offenders402

Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders405

Summary and Conclusions406

Key Concepts407

Review Questions408

Chapter 14 Property and Public Order Crime409

Burglary411

Characteristics of Burglary411

Who Commits Burglary?412

Burglary Cues and Selected Targets413

Burglar Cognitive Processes413

How Far Do Burglars Travel?415

Do They Usually Work Alone?415

Gender Differences in Methods and Patterns416

Use of Alcohol and Other Substances416

Property Taken and Disposed416

Motives417

A Burglar Typology418

Psychological Impact of Burglary419

Larceny and Motor Vehicle Theft420

Motor Vehicle Theft420

Carjacking420

Fraud and Identity Theft421

Shoplifting422

Who Shoplifts?424

Motives426

Shoplifting by Proxy427

Methods of Shoplifting428

Types of Shoplifters428

Kleptomania: Fact or Fiction?429

Softlifting430

White-Collar and Occupational Crime431

Green's Four Categories of Occupational Crime432

The Prevalence and Incidence of Occupational Crime433

Corporate Crime433

Justifications and Neutralizations435

Individual Occupational Crime435

Prostitution437

Motives440

Sex Trafficking441

Summary and Conclusions442

Key Concepts443

Review Questions444

Chapter 15 Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Intimidation445

Robbery446

Bank Robbery447

Commercial Robbery449

Street Robbery449

Professional Robbers450

Motives and Cultural Influences450

Robbery by Groups452

Cybercrime453

Stalking455

Categories of Stalking456

Cyberstalking457

Cyberbullying458

Hostage-Taking Offenses459

Instrumental and Expressive Hostage Taking459

FBI Categories of Hostage Taking459

Strategies for Dealing with Hostage Takers460

The Stockholm Syndrome461

Rules for Hostages to Follow462

Arson463

Incidence and Prevalence463

Developmental Stages of Firesetting464

Persistent and Repetitive Firesetting Among Adults466

Motives of Arsonists466

Juvenile Motives468

Female Arsonists468

Behavioral Typology of Firesetters468

Pyromania469

Bombings and Explosive Incidents470

Motives471

Summary and Conclusions473

Key Concepts475

Review Questions475

Chapter 16 Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime476

Juvenile Drug Use477

Extent of Juvenile Drug Use477

Who Is Selling to Juveniles?480

Gender Differences in Juvenile Drug Use480

Six Consistent Research Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse480

The Tripartite Conceptual Model484

Major Categories of Drugs485

Tolerance and Dependence486

The Hallucinogens487

How Is Marijuana Prepared?488

Cannabis and Crime490

Summary491

Phencyclidine (PCP)491

PCP and Crime492

The Stimulants492

Amphetamines492

Methamphetamine492

Cocaine and Its Derivatives494

Psychological Effects496

Adverse Physical Effects496

Stimulants, Cocaine, and Crime497

Crack Cocaine498

Crack and Crime499

Ecstasy (MDMA)499

Stimulants and Crime500

Narcotic Drugs500

Heroin501

Heroin and Crime503

Fentanyl504

Other Narcotic Drugs504

OxyContin504

OxyContin and Crime505

The Club Drugs: Sedative Hypnotic Compounds505

Ketamine505

Gamma Hydroxbutyrate (GHB)506

Rohypnol507

Alcohol508

Psychological Effects510

Alcohol, Crime, and Delinquency511

Does Substance or Alcohol Abuse Lead Directly to Violence?512

Inhalants513

Summary and Conclusions513

Key Concepts515

Review Questions515

Glossary516

Cases Cited532

References533

Author Index609

Subject Index636