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1 The early development of the screw propeller1

2 Propulsion systems11

2.1 Fixed pitch propellers13

2.2 Ducted propellers15

2.3 Podded and azimuthing propulsors17

2.4 Contra-rotating propellers18

2.5 Overlapping propellers19

2.6 Tandem propellers19

2.7 Controllable pitch propellers20

2.8 Waterjet propulsion23

2.9 Cycloidal propellers23

2.10 Paddle wheels24

2.11 Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion26

2.12 Superconducting motors for marine propulsion28

3 Propeller geometry31

3.1 Frames of reference33

3.2 Propeller reference lines33

3.3 Pitch34

3.4 Rake and skew37

3.5 Propeller outlines and area39

3.6 Propeller drawing methods42

3.7 Section geometry and definition42

3.8 Blade thickness distribution and thickness fraction47

3.9 Blade interference limits for controllable pitch propellers48

3.10 Controllable pitch propeller off-design section geometry48

3.11 Miscellaneous conventional propeller geometry terminology50

4 The propeller environment51

4.1 Density of water53

4.2 Salinity53

4.3 Water temperature54

4.4 Viscosity55

4.5 Vapour pressure55

4.6 Dissolved gases in sea water56

4.7 Surface tension56

4.8 Weather58

4.9 Silt and marine organisms61

5 The wake field63

5.1 General wake field characteristics65

5.2 Wake field definition65

5.3 The nominal wake field68

5.4 Estimation of wake field parameters69

5.5 Effective wake field71

5.6 Wake field scaling74

5.7 Wake quality assessment77

5.8 Wake field measurement79

6 Propeller performance characteristics87

6.1 General open water characteristics89

6.2 The effect of cavitation on open water characteristics94

6.3 Propeller scale effects95

6.4 Specific propeller open water characteristics98

6.5 Standard series data101

6.6 Multi-quadrant series data118

6.7 Slipstream contraction and flow velocities in the wake123

6.8 Behind-hull propeller characteristics131

6.9 Propeller ventilation132

7 Theoretical methods — basic concepts137

7.1 Basic aerofoil section characteristics140

7.2 Vortex filaments and sheets142

7.3 Field point velocities144

7.4 The Kutta condition146

7.5 The starting vortex146

7.6 Thin aerofoil theory147

7.7 Pressure distribution calculations151

7.8 Boundary layer growth over an aerofoil155

7.9 The finite wing159

7.10 Models of propeller action162

7.11 Source and vortex panel methods164

8 Theoretical methods — propeller theories167

8.1 Momentum theory — Rankine （1865）； R.E.Froude （1887）169

8.2 Blade element theory —W.Froude （1878）171

8.3 Propeller Theoretical development （1900—1930）172

8.4 Burrill’s analysis procedure （1944）174

8.5 Lerbs analysis method （1952）177

8.6 Eckhardt and Morgan’s design method （1955）182

8.7 Lifting surface correction factors — Morgan et aL.186

8.8 Lifting surface models189

8.9 Lifting-line — lifting-surface hybrid models192

8.10 Vortex lattice methods192

8.11 Boundary element methods197

8.12 Methods for specialist propulsors198

8.13 Computational fluid dynamics methods200

9 Cavitation205

9.1 The basic physics of cavitation207

9.2 Types of cavitation experienced by propellers212

9.3 Cavitation considerations in design219

9.4 Cavitation inception228

9.5 Cavitation-induced damage233

9.6 Cavitation testing of propellers235

9.7 Analysis of measured pressure data from a cavitating propeller239

9.8 Propeller—rudder interaction240

10 Propeller noise247

10.1 Physics of underwater sound249

10.2 Nature of propeller noise253

10.3 Noise scaling relationships256

10.4 Noise prediction and control258

10.5 Transverse propulsion unit noise259

10.6 Measurement of radiated noise260

11 Propeller—ship interaction263

11.1 Bearing forces265

11.2 Hydrodynamic interaction278

12 Ship resistance and propulsion285

12.1 Froude’s analysis procedure287

12.2 Components of calm water resistance289

12.3 Methods of resistance evaluation298

12.4 Propulsive coefficients310

12.5 The influence of rough water312

12.6 Restricted water effects314

12.7 High-speed hull form resistance314

12.8 Air resistance316

13 Thrust augmentation devices319

13.1 Devices before the propeller321

13.2 Devices at the propeller324

13.3 Devices behind the propeller327

13.4 Combinations of systems328

14 Transverse thrusters331

14.1 Transverse thrusters333

14.2 Steerable internal duct thrusters340

15 Azimuthing and podded propulsors343

15.1 Azimuthing thrusters345

15.2 Podded propulsors346

16 Waterjet propulsion355

16.1 Basic principle of waterjet propulsion357

16.2 Impeller types359

16.3 Manoeuvring aspects of waterjets360

16.4 Waterjet component design361

17 Full-scale trials367

17.1 Power absorption measurements369

17.2 Bollard pull trials375

17.3 Propeller-induced hull surface pressure measurements377

17.4 Cavitation observations377

18 Propeller materials381

18.1 General properties of propeller materials383

18.2 Specific properties of propeller materials386

18.3 Mechanical properties390

18.4 Test procedures392

19 Propeller blade strength395

19.1 Cantilever beam method397

19.2 Numerical blade stress computational methods402

19.3 Detailed strength design considerations405

19.4 Propeller backing stresses408

19.5 Blade root fillet design408

19.6 Residual blade stresses409

19.7 Allowable design stresses410

19.8 Full-scale blade strain measurement413

20 Propeller manufacture417

20.1 Traditional manufacturing method419

20.2 Changes to the traditional technique of manufacture423

21 Propeller blade vibration425

21.1 Flat-plate blade vibration in air427

21.2 Vibration of propeller blades in air428

21.3 The effect of immersion in water430

21.4 Simple estimation methods430

21.5 Finite element analysis431

21.6 Propeller blade damping432

21.7 Propeller singing433

22 Propeller design435

22.1 The design and analysis loop437

22.2 Design constraints438

22.3 The choice of propeller type439

22.4 The propeller design basis442

22.5 The use of standard series data in design445

22.6 Design considerations449

22.7 The design process458

23 Operational problems465

23.1 Performance related problems467

23.2 Propeller integrity related problems472

23.3 Impact or grounding474

24 Service performance and analysis477

24.1 Effects of weather479

24.2 Hull roughness and fouling479

24.3 Hull drag reduction486

24.4 Propeller roughness and fouling486

24.5 Generalized equations for the roughness-induced power penalties in ship operation489

24.6 Monitoring of ship performance493

25 Propeller tolerances and inspection503

25.1 Propeller tolerances505

25.2 Propeller inspection506

26 Propeller maintenance and repair511

26.1 Causes of propeller damage513

26.2 Propeller repair515

26.3 Welding and the extent of weld repairs517

26.4 Stress relief518

Bibliography521

Index525