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The Author3

List of Abbreviations11

Introduction13

Chapter 1. General Background13

1. GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION13

2. HISTORY13

3. THE POLIT1CAL SYSTEM14

4. ECONOMY19

5. EMPLOYMENT21

6. FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL VALUES22

Chapter 2. Definitions and Concepts25

1. LABOUR LAW AS A BRANCII OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM25

2. DELIMITATION OF LABOUR LAW FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF LAW26

Chapter 3. The Historical Background29

1. BRIEF HISTORY OF LABOUR LEGISLATION BEFORE 194929

2. BRIEF HISTORY OF LABOUR LEGISLATION AFTER 194930

3. LABOUR LEGISLATION FROM 1978 TO 1995 AND BEYOND32

Chapter 4. Role of the Government and the Social Partners in the Shaping and Administration of Labour Law and Industrial Relations38

1. THE GOVERNMENT'S ROLE IN LEGISLATION AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS38

2. ROLE OF THE TRADE UNION AND WORKERS' PARTICIPATION40

3. THE EMPLOYERS' ROLE41

Chapter 5. Sources of Labour Law43

1. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES43

2. DOMESTIC SOURCES44

Ⅰ. The Constitution44

Ⅱ. Laws45

Ⅲ. Administrative Regulations Enacted by the State Council46

Ⅳ. Orders, Directives and Regulations of the Ministries and Commissions46

Ⅴ. Other Sources46

A. Local Legislation46

B. Internal Rules47

C. Collective Agreements47

3. SECONDARY SOURCES47

Ⅰ. Legislative Interpretation47

Ⅱ. Judicial Interpretation48

Ⅲ. Administrative Interpretation48

Selected Bibliography51

Part Ⅰ. The Individual Employment Relationship53

Chapter 1. Definitions and Concepts53

1. DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF EMPLOYEES53

Ⅰ. Abolition of Status of Enterprises' Cadres and Workers53

Ⅱ. Factory Workers and Staff Employed in the Institutions53

Ⅲ. Foreigners and other Employees according to Employees' Origins54

2. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF INDIVIDUAL LABOUR CONTRACT54

Ⅰ. The Individual Labour Contract for a Definite Period55

Ⅱ. The Individual Labour Contract for an Indefinite Period55

Ⅲ. Labour Contract with Terms Depending on the Time Required to Perforrn Specific Work56

Ⅳ. The Individual Labour Contract for Temporary Work56

3. THE TRIAL CLAUSE56

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONCLUSION OF A VALID INDIVIDUAL LABOUR CONTRACT57

Ⅰ. The Legal Capacity to Conclude an Individual Labour Contract57

A. Minors57

B. Women58

Ⅱ. Consent58

Ⅲ. Written Form with Mandatory Provisions58

Ⅳ. Certification or Confirmation Requirement59

Ⅴ. Validity and Binding Force60

Chapter 2. Duties of the Parties During Employment61

1. STATUTORY DUTIES AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES61

2. DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEE62

Ⅰ. Duty to Work62

Ⅱ. Duty to Observe Commercial Secrets63

Ⅲ. Liability63

3. DUTY OF TIIE EMPLOYER65

Ⅰ. Duty of Job Security65

Ⅱ. Duty to Ensure Labour Safety and to Provide Working Conditions and Training66

Ⅲ. Duty to Pay Remuneration66

Ⅳ. Duty Regarding Social Security Contributions for the Employee67

Ⅴ. Liability68

Chapter 3. Working Time and Leave, Sunday Rest, Annual Vacation, Holidays, Educational Leave69

1. WORKING TIME69

Ⅰ. Definitions69

Ⅱ. Content of Limitations69

A. Daily69

B. Weekly70

2. WEEKLY REST AND HOLIDAY70

Ⅰ. Weekly Rest70

Ⅱ. Public Holidays71

Ⅲ. Paid Leave71

A. Annual Vacation71

B. Home Visits72

C. Marriage Leave, Bereavement Leave or Maternity Leave72

D. Social Activities73

Ⅳ. Educational Leave73

Chapter 4. Remuneration75

1. WAGE REFORM AND THE CONCEPT OF TOTAL WAGES AND WAGE LEVEL75

Ⅰ. Wage Reform75

Ⅱ. The Concept of Total Wages and Wage Levels76

Ⅲ. Determination of Wage Distribution and Wage Payment78

2. MINIMUM WAGES79

Ⅰ. Principles and Standards79

Ⅱ. Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery80

3. PROTECTIVE MEASURES AND LIABILITY80

Ⅰ. Deduction80

Ⅱ. Severance Payments80

Ⅲ. Overtime Payment81

Ⅳ. Priority of Repayment to Employees by Bankrupt Enterprises81

Ⅴ. Liability81

Chapter 5. Job Security83

1. REDUNDANCY AND REDUCTION83

2. RESTRICTION FOR TERMINATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP84

3. RE-EMPLOYMENT PROJECTS AND THE SOCIAL INSURANCE SCHEME FOR THE UNEMPLOYED85

Chapter 6. The Termination of the Individual Labour Contract88

1. GENERAL METHODS OF TERMINATING THE INDIVIDUAL LABOUR CONTRACT88

Ⅰ. Expiry and Termination88

Ⅱ. Termination by the Employer without 30 Days' Written Notice88

Ⅲ. Termination by the Employer with 30 Days' Written Notice89

Ⅳ. Termination by the Employee90

2. SEVERANCE PAY90

Chapter 7. Special Protection of Certain Categories of Workers,Protection against Discrimination in Employment92

1. SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR FEMALE WORKERS AND EQUALITY IN EMPLOYMENT92

2. SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR JUVENILE WORKERS93

3. SPECIAL PROTECT1ON FOR AND PROMOTION OF EMPLOYMENT FOR THE HANDICAPPED94

Chapter 8. Covenants of Non-competition; Inventions by Employees95

1. COVENANTS OF NON-COMPETITION95

2. INVENTIONS BY EMPLOYEES95

Chapter 9. Settlement of Labour Disputes97

1. PARTIES TO LABOUR DISPUTES AND THE CONTENT OF LABOUR DISPUTES97

2. MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION98

I. Mediation98

3. COURT PROCEEDING101

I. Jurisdiction101

Part Ⅱ. Collective Labour Relations103

Chapter 1. Trade Union Freedom103

1. IDEOLOGY AND CONCEPT103

2. FREEDOM TO ESTABLISH AND JOIN UNIONS104

3. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF TRADE UNIONS105

Ⅰ. Rights of Trade Unions105

Ⅱ. Duties of Trade Unions108

Chapter 2. The Trade Unions and Employers' Associations109

1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE109

2. ROLE OF THE TRADE UNIONS AND EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS110

3. LEGAL STATUS OF TRADE UNIONS AND EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS111

Chapter 3. Collective Bargaining114

1. INTRODUCTION114

2. PARTIES TO THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT115

3. LEVEL OF BARGAINING AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT115

4. CONTENT OF BARGAINING116

5. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCLUDING A COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT117

Chapter 4. Settlement of Disputes Arising in Collective Agreements119

1. JURISDICTION119

2. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES119

3. STRIKE ACTION120

Index121