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PART ONE BACKGROUND1

CHAPTER 1 Introduction3

1.1 A Brief Networking History4

1.2 The Need for Speed and Quality of Service13

1.3 Advanced TCP/IP and ATM Networks18

1.4 Outline of the Book21

Appendix 1A Internet and Web Resources23

CHAPTER 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite27

2.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture27

2.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture28

2.3 The OSI Model36

2.4 Internetworking37

2.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site44

2.6 Problems44

CHAPTER 3 TCP and IP47

3.1 Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)47

3.2 User Datagram Protocol50

3.3 The Internet Protocol (IP)51

3.4 IPv659

3.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites68

3.6 Problems69

PART TWO HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS71

CHAPTER 4 Frame Relay73

4.1 Packet-Switching Networks73

4.2 Frame Relay Networks82

4.3 Recommended Reading and Web Sites88

4.4 Problems89

CHAPTER 5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode91

5.1 ATM Protocol Architecture92

5.2 ATM Logical Connections93

5.3 ATM Cells98

5.4 ATM Service Categories104

5.5 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)107

5.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites118

5.7 Problems118

CHAPTER 6 High-Speed LANs121

6.1 The Emergence of High-Speed LANs122

6.2 Ethernct123

6.3 Fibre Channel140

6.4 Wireless LANs144

6.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites152

6.6 Problems153

PART THREE PERFORMANCE MODELING AND ESTIMATION155

CHAPTER 7 Overview of Probability and Stochastic Process159

7.1 Probability159

7.2 Random Variables164

7.3 Stochastic Processes170

7.4 Recommended Reading and Web Site179

7.5 Problems179

CHAPTER 8 Queuing Analysis183

8.1 How Queues Behave—A Simple Example184

8.2 Why Queuing Analysis188

8.3 Queuing Models189

8.4 Single-Server Queues197

8.5 Multiserver Queues199

8.6 Examples200

8.7 Queues with Priorities205

8.8 Networks of Queues206

8.9 Other Queuing Models210

8.10 Estimating Model Parameters211

8.11 Recommended Reading and Web Site214

8.12 Problems215

CHAPTER 9 Self-Similar Traffic219

9.1 Self-Similarity220

9.2 Self-Similar Data Traffic223

9.3 Examples of Self-Similar Data Traffic232

9.4 Performance Implications of Self-Similarity237

9.5 Modeling and Estimation of Self-Similar Data Traffic241

9.6 Recommended Reading and Web Site244

9.7 Problems245

Appendix 9A The Hurst Self-Similarity Parameter245

PART FOUR CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT249

CHAPTER 10 Congestion Control in Data Networks and Internets253

10.1 Effects of Congestion254

10.2 Congestion and Control259

10.3 Traffic Management262

10.4 Congestion Control in Packet-Switching Networks264

10.5 Frame Relay Congestion Control264

10.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites270

10.7 Problems271

CHAPTER 11 Link-Level Flow and Error Control275

11.1 The Need for Flow and Error Control276

11.2 Link Control Mechanisms279

11.3 ARQ Performance288

11.4 Recommended Reading299

11.5 Problems300

Appendix 11A High-Level Data Link Control302

CHAPTER 12 TCP Traffic Control309

12.1 TCP Flow Control309

12.2 TCP Congestion Control322

12.3 Performance of TCP Over ATM340

12.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites352

12.5 Problems353

CHAPTER 13 Traffic and Congestion Control in ATM Networks355

13.1 Requirements for ATM Traffic and Congestion Control356

13.2 ATM Traffic-Related Attributes361

13.3 Traffic Management Framework366

13.4 Traffic Control367

13.5 ABR Traffic Management380

13.6 GFR Traffic Management391

13.7 Recommended Reading395

13.8 Problems396

PART FIVE INTERNET ROUTING397

CHAPTER 14 Overview of Graph Theory and Least-Cost Paths401

14.1 Elementary Concepts of Graph Theory402

14.2 Shortest Path Length Determination409

14.4 Problems415

14.3 Recommended Reading415

15.1 Internet Routing Principles419

CHAPTER 15 Interior Routing Protocols419

15.2 Distance-Vector Protocol:RIP426

15.3 Link-State Protocol:OSPF433

15.4 Recommended Reading and Web Site441

15.5 Problems442

CHAPTER 16 Exterior Routing Protocols and Multicast443

16.1 Path-Vector Protocols:BGP and IDRP443

16.2 Multicasting450

16.4 Problems465

16.3 Recommended Reading and Web Site465

PART SIX QUALITY OF SERVICE IN IP NETWORKS467

CHAPTER 17 Integrated and Differentiated Services469

17.1 Integrated Services Architecture (ISA)470

17.2 Queuing Discipline477

17.3 Random Early Detection485

17.4 Differentiated Services492

17.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites500

17.6 Problems502

Appendix 17A Real-Time Traffic503

CHAPTER 18 Protocols for QoS Support507

18.1 Resource Reservation:RSVP508

18.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching521

18.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)533

18.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites544

18.5 Problems545

PART SEVEN COMPRESSION547

CHAPTER 19 Overview of Information Theory549

19.1 Information and Entropy549

19.2 Coding554

19.4 Problems561

19.3 Recommended Reading561

CHAPTER 20 Lossless Compression563

20.1 Run-Length Encoding Techniques564

20.2 Facsimile Compression567

20.3 Arithmetic Coding574

20.4 String-Matching Algorithms581

20.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site587

20.6 Problems588

CHAPTER 21 Lossy Compression591

21.1 Discrete Cosine Transform592

21.2 Wavelet Compression598

21.3 JPEG Image Compression608

21.4 MPEG Video Compression619

21.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites625

21.6 Problems627

APPENDICES629

APPENDIX A Standards and Standards-Setting Organizations629

A.1 The Importance of Standards629

A.2 Standards and Regulation630

A.3 Internet Standards and the Internet Society631

A.4 The International Telecommunications Union635

A.5 IEEE 802 Standards636

APPENDIX B Sockets639

B.1 Versions of Sockets640

B.2 Sockets,Socket Descriptors，Ports，and Connection641

B.3 The Client/Server Model of Communication642

B.4 Sockets Elements644

B.5 Stream and Datagram Sockets660

B.6 Run-Time Program Control665

B.7 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application669

GLOSSARY679

REFERENCES687

INDEX701