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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1．1 What Is a Use Case （More or Less）？1

Use Case 1 ？Buy Stocks over the Web？4

Use Case 2 ？Get Paid for Car Accident？5

Use Case 3 ？Register Arrival of a Box？6

1．2 Your Use Case Is Not My Use Case7

Use Case4 ？Buy Something（Casual Version）？9

Use Case 5 ？Buy Something（Fully Dressed Version）？9

◆Steve Adolph： Dlscovering Requirements in New Territory12

1．3 Requirements and Use Cases13

Use Cases as Project-Linking Structure14

Figure 1．1 The Hub-and-Spoke model of requirements15

1．4 When Use Cases Add Value15

1．5 Manage Your Energy16

1．6 Warm Up with a Usage Narrative17

◆Usage Narative：Getting Fast Cash18

1．7 Exercises19

Part 1 The Use Case Body Parts21

Actors Have Goals23

2．1 Interactions between Actors with Goals23

Chapter 2 The Use Case as a Contract for Behavior23

Figure 2．1 An actor with a goal calls on the responsibilities of another24

Goals Can Fail25

Interactions Are Compound25

A Use Case Collects Scenarios27

Figure 2．2 Striped trousers：Scenarios Succeed or fail28

Figure 2．3 The striped trousers showing subgoals29

2．2 Contract between Stakeholders with Interests29

Figure 2．4 The SuD serves the Primary actor，protecting offstage stakeholders30

2．3 The Graphical Model31

Figure 2．5 Actors and stakeholders32

Figure 2．6 Behavior32

Figure 2．7 Use Case as responsibility invocation33

Figure 2．8 Interactions as composite33

Chapter 3 Scope35

Table 3．1 A Sample In/Out List36

3．1 Functional Scope36

The Actor-Goal List36

The Use Case Briefs37

Table 3．2 A Sample Actor-Goal List37

3．2 Design Scope38

Table 3．3 Sample Use Case Briefs38

Figure 3．1 Design scope can be any size40

Using Graphical Icons to Highlight the Design Scope40

Design Scope Examples41

Enterprise-to，System Examples41

Use Case 6 ？Add New Service （Enterprise）？42

Use Case 7 ？Add New Service（Acura）？42

Use Case 8 ？Enter and Update Requests （Joint System）？43

Many Computers to One Application43

Use Case 9 ？Add New Service （into Acura）？44

Use Case 10 ？Note New Service Request （in BSSO）？44

Use Case 11？Update Service Request （in Bsso）？44

Use Case 12 ？Note Updated Request （in Acura）？44

Figure 3．2 Use case diagrams for Acura-BSSO45

Figure 3．3 A combined use case diagram for Acura-Bsso45

Nuts and Bolts Use Cases46

Use Case 13 ？Serialize Access to a Resource？46

Use Case 14 ？Apply a Lock Conversion Policy？47

Use Case 15 ？Apply an Access Compatibility Policy？48

Use Case 16 ？Apply an Access Selection Policy？48

Use Case 17 ？Make Service Client Wait for Resource Access？49

3．3 The Outermost Use Cases49

3．4 Using the Scope-Defining Work Products51

3．5 Exercises51

Chapter 4 Stakeholders and Actors53

4．1 Stakeholders53

4．2 The Primary Actor54

Why Primary Actors Are Unimportant （and Important）55

Table 4．1 A Sample Actor Profile Table56

Actors versus Roles57

Characterizing the Primary Actors58

4．3 Supporting Actors59

4．4 The System Under Discussion59

4．5 Internal Actors and White-Box Use Cases59

4．6 Exercises60

Chapter 5 Three Named Goal Levels61

5．1 User Goals （Blue，Sea-Level）62

Figure 5．1 Use case levels62

Two Levels of Blue63

5．2 Summary Level（White，Cloud/Kite）64

Use Case 18 ？Operate an Insurance Policy+？65

The Outermost Use Cases Revisited65

5．3 Subfunctions （Indigo/Black，Underwater/Clam）66

Summarizing Goal Levels66

5．4 Using Graphical Icons to Highlight Goal Levels67

5．5 Finding the Right Goal Level68

Finding the User s Goal68

Figure 5．2 Ask why to shift Levels69

Raising and Lowering Goal Levels69

5．6 A Longer Writing Sample：”Handle a Claim”at Several Levels70

Use Case 19 ？Handle a Claim （Business）？71

Use Case 20 ？Evaluate Work Comp Claim？72

Use Case 21 ？Handle a Claim（Systems）+？73

Use Case 22 ？Register a Loss？75

Use Case 23 ？Find a Whatever （Problem Statement）？79

5．7 Exercises79

6．1 Preconditions81

Chapter 6 Preconditions，Triggers，and Guarantees81

6．2 Minimal Guarantees83

6．3 Success Guarantee84

6．4 Triggers84

6．5 Exercises85

Chapter 7 Scenarios and Steps87

7．1 The Main Success Scenario87

The Common Surrounding Structure87

The Scenario Body89

Guideline 1：Use Simple Grammar90

Guideline 2：Show Clearly Who Has the Ball90

7．2 Action Steps90

Guidelines90

Guideline 3：Write from a Bird s Eye View91

Guideline 4：Show the Process Moving Forward91

Guideline 5：Show the Actor s Intent，Not the Movements92

Guideline 6：Include a Reasonable Set of Actions93

Figure 7．1 Atransaction has four parts93

Guideline 8：Optionally Mention the Timing95

Guideline 7：”Validate，”Don t Check Whether95

Guideline 9：Idiom： User Has System A Kick System B96

Guideline 10：Idiom： Do Steps x-y until Condition”96

To Number or Not to Number97

7．3 Exercises98

Chapter 8 Extensions99

8．1 Extension Basics99

8．2 The Extension Conditions100

Brainstorm All Conceivable Failures and Alternative Courses101

Guideline 11：Make the Condition Say What Was Detected102

Rationalize the Extensions List104

Rollup Failures105

8．3 Extension Handling106

Guideline 12：Indent Condition Handling108

Failures within Failures109

Creating a New Use Case from an Extension109

8．4 Exercises110

Chapter 9 Technology and Data Variations111

Figure 9．1 Technology variations using specialization in UML112

10．1 Sub Use Cases113

Chapter 10 Linking Use Cases113

10．2 Extension Use Cases114

Figure 10．1 UML diagram of extension use cases115

When to Use Extension Use Cases116

10．3 Exercises117

Chapter 11 Use Case Formats119

11．1Formats to Choose From119

Fully Dressed119

Use Case 24 Fully Dressed Use Case Template119

Use Case 25 ？Actually Login （Casual Version）？120

Casual120

OneColumn Table121

Table 11．1 One-Column Table Format of a Use Case121

Two-Column Table122

Table 11．2 Two-Column Table122

RUP Style123

Use Case 26 ？Register for Courses？124

If-Statement Style126

Occam Style126

Diagram Style127

11．2 Forces Affecting Use Case Writing Styles128

The UML Use Case Diagram128

Consistency130

Complexity130

11．3 Standards for Five Project Types132

For Requirements Elicitation133

Use Case 27 ？Elicitation Template一Oble a New Biscum？133

For Business Process Modeling134

Use Case 28 ？Business Process Template一Symp a Carstromming？134

For Sizing the Requirements135

Use Case 29 ？Sizing Template一Burble the Tramling？135

Use Case 30 ？High-Pressure Template：Kree a Ranfath？136

For a Short，High-Pressure Project136

For Detailed Functional Requirements137

Use Case 31 ？Use Case Name一Nathorize a Permion？137

11．4 Conclusion137

11．5 Exercise138

Part 2 Frequently Discussed Topics139

Chapter 12 When Are We Done？141

On Being Done142

Chapter 13 Scaling Up to Many Use Cases143

Say Less about Each One （Low-Precision Representation）143

Create Clusters of Use Cases143

14．1 CRUD Use Cases145

Figure 13．1 Design scopes for the ATM145

Chapter 14 CRUD and Parameterized Use Cases145

Use Case 32 ？Manage Reports？146

Use Case 33 ？Save Report？148

14．2 Parameterized Use Cases150

Chapter 15 Business Process Modeling153

15．1 Modeling versus Designing153

Work from the Core Business154

Figure 15．1 Core business black box155

Figure 15．2 New business design in white box155

Work from Business Process to Technology155

Figure 15．3 New Business design in white box（again）156

Figure 15．4 New Business process in black-box system use cases156

15．2 Linking Business and System Use Cases157

Work from Technology to Business Process157

◆Rusty Walters：Business Modeling and System Requirements159

Chapter 16 The Missing Requirements161

16．1 Precision in Data Requirements162

16．2 Cross-linking from Use Cases to Other Requirements164

Figure 16．1 Recap of Figure 1．1， Hub-and-Spoke model of requirements164

Chapter 17 Use Cases in the Overall Process167

17．1 Use Cases in Project Organization167

Organize by Use Case Titles167

Table 17．1 Sample Planning Table168

Handle Use Cases Crossing Releases169

Deliver Complete Scenarios170

17．2 Use Cases to Task or Feature Lists171

Use Case 34 ？Capture Trade-In？172

Table 17．2 Work List for Capture Trade-In173

17．3 Use Cases to Design174

A Special Note to Object-Oriented Designers176

17．4 Use Cases to UI Design177

Use Case 35 ？Order Goods，Generate Invoice （Testing Example）？178

17．5 Use Cases to Test Cases178

Table 17．3 Main Success Scenario Tests（Good Credit Risk）179

Table 17．4 Main Success Scenario Tests（Bad Credit Risk）180

17．6 The Actual Writing180

A Branch-and-Join Process180

◆Andy Kraus：Collecting Use Ca？？s from a Large，Dlverse Lay Group184

Collecting Use Cases from Large Groups184

Time Required per Use Case184

Chapter 18 Use Case Briefs and Extreme Programming187

Chapter 19 Mistakes Fixed189

19．1 No System189

19．2 No Primary Actor190

19．3 Too Many User Interface Details191

19．4 Very Low Goal Levels192

19．5 Purpose and Content Not Aligned193

19．6 Advanced Example of Too Much Ul194

Use Case 36 ？Research a Solution一Before？194

Use Case 37 ？Research Possible Solutions一After？199

Part 3 Reminders for the Busy203

Reminder 2：Make the Use Case Easy to Read205

Reminder 1：A Use Case Is a Prose Essay205

Chapter 20 Reminders for Each Use Case205

Reminder 3：Just One Sentence Form206

Reminder 5：Who Has the Ball？207

Reminder 4： Include Sub Use Cases207

Reminder 6：Get the Goal Level Right208

Figure 20．1 Ask why to shift levels208

Reminder 7：Keep the GUI Out209

Reminder 8：Two Endings209

Reminder 9：Stakeholders Need Guarantees210

Reminder 10：Preconditions211

Reminder 11：Pass/Fail Tests for One Use Case211

Table 20．1 Pass/Fail Tests for One Use Case212

Chapter 21 Reminders for the Use Case Set215

Reminder 12：An Ever-Unfolding Story215

Reminder 13：Both Corporate Scope and System Scope216

Reminder 14：Core Values and Variations216

Reminder 15：Quality Questions across the Use Case Set219

Reminder 17：Work Breadth First221

Reminder 16：It s Just Chapter 3 （Where s Chapter 4？）221

Chapter 22 Reminders for Working on the Use Cases221

Figure 22．1 Work expands with precision222

Reminder 18：The 12-Step Recipe223

Reminder 19：Know the Cost of Mistakes223

Reminder 20：Blue Jeans Preferred224

Reminder 21：Handle Failures225

Reminder 22：Job Titles Sooner and Later225

Reminder 23：Actors Play Roles226

Figure 22．2 Mommy，I want to go home．227

Reminder 24：The Great Drawing Hoax227

Figure 22．3 Context diagram in ellipse figure form228

Table 22．1 Actor-Goal List for Context Diagram228

Reminder 25：The Great Tool Debate229

Reminder 26：Project Planning Using Titles and Briefs230

Appendices233

Appendix A Use Cases in UML233

A．1 Ellipses and Stick Figures233

A．2 UML s Includes Relation234

Figure A．1 Drawing Includes234

A．3 UML s Extends Relation235

Guideline 13：Draw Higher Goals Higher235

Guideline 15：Use Different Arrow Shapes236

Figure A．2 Drawing Extends236

Guideline 14：Draw Extending Use Cases Lower236

Correct Use of Extends237

Figure A．3 Three interrupting use cases extending a base use case237

Extension Points237

A．4 UML s Generalizes Relations239

Correct Use of Generalizes239

Figure A．4 Drawing Generalizes240

Hazards of Generalizes240

Guideline 16：Draw General Goals Higher240

Figure A．5 Hazardous generalization一closing a big deal241

Figure A．6 Correctly closing a big deal241

A．5 Subordinate versus Sub Use Cases242

A．6 Drawing Use Case Diagrams242

Guideline 17：User Goals in a Context Diagram243

Guideline18： Supporting Actors on the Right243

A．7 Write Text-based Use Cases Instead243

Chapter 3， page 51245

Appendix B Answers to （Some）Exercises245

Chapter 4， page 60246

Chapter 5， page 79247

Chapter 6， page 85248

Chapter 7， page 98249

Use Case 38 ？Use the Order Processing System？250

Use Case 39 ？Buy Stocks Over the Web？251

Chapter 11， page 138252

Use Case 40 ？Perform Clean Spark Plugs Service？252

Chapter 8， page 110252

Appendix C Glossary253

Main Terms253

Use Case Types255

Diagrams256

Appendix D Readings257

Books Referenced in the Text257

Articles Referenced in the Text257

Useful Online Resources258

Index259