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Unit 1 Gas Discharge Phenomena1

1.1 Classification of Discharges1

1.2 Current-voltage Characteristics of DC Discharge2

1.2.1 Non-self-sustaining Discharge3

1.2.2 Townsend Discharge3

1.2.3 Glow Discharge4

1.2.4 Transition to Arc Discharge5

1.3 Townsend Breakdown5

1.4 Production and Loss of Charges in a Gas8

Unit 2 Non-Destructive High-voltage Tests12

2.1 Loss in a Dielectric12

2.2 Measurement of the Conduction Current for Direct Voltage13

2.3 Measurement of the Dissipation Factor for Alternating Voltage14

2.3.1 Dielectric Loss and Equivalent Circuits14

2.3.2 Measurement with the Schering Bridge16

2.4 Measurement of Partial Discharges at Alternating Voltages17

2.4.1 External Partial Discharges18

2.4.2 Internal Partial Discharges20

Unit 3 Liquid and Composite Dielectrics23

3.1 Liquid Characteristics23

3.2 Solid Dielectrics23

3.3 Composites24

3.4 Estimation and Control of Electrical24

3.5 Electric Fields26

3.6 Uniform and Non-Uniform Electric Fields26

3.7 Estimation of Electric Field in Some Geometric Boundaries27

3.7.1 Parallel Plates27

3.7.2 Concentric Cylinders28

3.7.3 Parallel Cylinders of Equal Diameter28

3.8 Surge Voltages,Their Distribution And Control28

Unit 4 Breakdown in Air Gaps with Solid Insulating Barrier under Impulse Voltage Stress31

4.1 Introduction31

4.2 The First Approach for the Understanding of the Barrier Effect32

4.3 Barriers with Opening35

4.4 In Depth Investigation of the Breakdown Process37

4.5 Quantitative Analysis of Spaces Charges39

4.6 Flashover Around the Barrier without Penetration41

4.7 Barrier Effect in Symmetric Fields42

4.8 Investigations with Other Types of Voltages43

4.9 Conclusions44

Unit 5 Specialized Knowledge of Cables46

5.1 Material Technology46

5.2 Conductor and Insulation Screens47

5.3 Cable Design49

5.4 Manufacturing50

5.5 Installation Design51

5.6 Joints/Terminations54

5.7 Minute Step Voltage Test56

Unit 6 Treeing Phenomena of XLPE Cable58

6.1 Introduction58

6.2 Failures of XLPE Cable58

6.3 Treeing Phenomena in XLPE Cables60

6.4 Electrical Trees and Mechanisms60

6.5 Water Trees and Mechanisms62

Unit 7 Specialized Knowledge of Power Transformers65

7.1 Features65

7.2 Core66

7.3 Winding68

7.3.1 Hisercap Disk Winding(Interleaved Disk Winding)68

7.3.2 Continuous Disk Winding68

7.3.3 Helical Coil69

7.4 Insulation Structure70

7.5 Prevention of Internal Partial Discharge and Insulation71

7.5.1 Treatment71

7.5.2 Drying/Oil Filling Treatment72

7.5.3 Removing Voids72

7.5.4 Electric Field Control72

7.5.5 Dust Control73

7.6 Measures against Leakage Flux73

7.7 Tank74

7.8 Cooling System75

7.8.1 Self-cooled Type75

7.8.2 Air-cooled-air-cooled76

7.8.3 Forced-oil,Forced-air-cooled Type76

7.8.4 Forced-oil,Water-cooled Type77

7.9 Accessories78

7.9.1 Oil Preservation System78

7.9.2 Diaphragm-type Oil Preservation System(Type OH-D)78

7.9.3 Dehydrating Breather(Types FG,FP,FS)79

7.9.4 Dial Oil Level Indicator79

7.9.5 Protective Relays80

7.9.6 Buchholtz Relay80

7.9.7 Liquid Temperature Indicator81

7.9.8 Winding Temperature Indicator Relay81

7.9.9 Pressure Relief Device82

7.10 Low-noise Transformer84

7.11 Construction of Cable Connection and GIS86

7.11.1 Connection Cable Connection86

7.11.2 GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear) Connection86

7.11.3 Transportation87

Unit 8 Investigation of Sub-Nanosecond Breakdown through Computational Methods90

8.1 Introduction90

8.2 Background Theory and Prior Research91

8.2.1 Background Discharge Regimes in Pulsed Breakdown91

8.2.2 Townsend Regime91

8.2.3 Streamer Regime92

8.2.4 Post Streamer Regime93

8.3 Physical Processes in Picosecond Breakdown94

8.3.1 Field Emission94

8.3.2 Electron-Neutral Collisions96

8.3.3 Runaway Electrons97

8.3.4 Explosive Electron Emission99

8.4 Recent Research Efforts100

Unit 9 Numerical Simulation of Gas Discharge106

9.1 Governing Equations106

9.1.1 Two-Fluid Theory107

9.1.2 Coefficients110

9.1.3 Boundary Conditions111

9.2 Model Equations in Dimensionless Form112

9.2.1 Numerical Approach and Results113

9.2.2 Grid and Discretization113

9.2.3 θ-Method115

9.2.4 Time Step and Iteration116

9.2.5 Boundary Conditions and Error117

9.3 One Dimensional Model117

9.3.1 Thomas Algorithm and Results120

9.3.2 Two Dimensional Model123

9.3.3 Successive Over Relaxation Method126

9.3.4 Results127

9.3.5 Convergence127

9.4 Dynamic Characteristics of SF6-N2-CO2 Gas Mixtures in DC Discharge Process128

9.4.1 The Hybrid Computing Model129

9.4.2 Development of the Avalanche and Streamer132

9.4.3 Spatial Electric Field and Electron Velocity134

9.4.4 Influence of Photoionization135

Unit 10 Pattern Dynamics in a Two-dimensional Gas Discharge System139

10.1 Introduction139

10.2 Experiment140

10.3 Model141

10.3.1 Assumption141

10.3.2 Specific Model142

10.3.3 Constraint for the Constant Total Charge144

10.3.4 Flowing Charge Density145

10.3.5 Parameter Setting145

10.4 Phenomena146

10.4.1 Preparation:Behavior of Each Element Under the Global Constraint146

10.4.2 Global Phase Diagram147

10.4.3 DS Phase148

10.4.4 LS Phase149

10.4.5 Moving Spot Phase155

10.5 Summary and Discussion159

10.5.1 Summary159

10.5.2 Comparison with the Experiment by Nasuno160

10.5.3 Discussion160

附录1 高电压技术常用词汇中英文对照162

附录2 绝缘介质电特性中英文对照169

附录3 美国工程索引（EI）对文摘的要求176

参考文献180